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Mass live content, such as world cups, the Superbowl or the Olympics, attract audiences of hundreds of millions of viewers. While such events were predominantly consumed on TV, more and more viewers follow big events on the Internet, which…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Max Franke , Jake Holland , Stefan Schmid

Classifying network traffic is the basis for important network applications. Prior research in this area has faced challenges on the availability of representative datasets, and many of the results cannot be readily reproduced. Such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Onur Barut , Yan Luo , Tong Zhang , Weigang Li , Peilong Li

High level goals such as bandwidth provisioning, accounting and network anomaly detection can be easily met if high-volume traffic clusters are detected in real time. This paper presents Elastic Trie, an alternative to approaches leveraging…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Jan Kučera , Diana Andreea Popescu , Gianni Antichi , Jan Kořenek , Andrew W. Moore

Analysis of cyber relevant data has become an area of increasing focus. As larger percentages of businesses and governments begin to understand the implications of cyberattacks, the impetus for better cybersecurity solutions has increased.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Craig Laprade , Benjamin Bowman , H. Howie Huang

Traffic signs are essential map features globally in the era of autonomous driving and smart cities. To develop accurate and robust algorithms for traffic sign detection and classification, a large-scale and diverse benchmark dataset is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Christian Ertler , Jerneja Mislej , Tobias Ollmann , Lorenzo Porzi , Gerhard Neuhold , Yubin Kuang

Urban traffic optimization using traffic cameras as sensors is driving the need to advance state-of-the-art multi-target multi-camera (MTMC) tracking. This work introduces CityFlow, a city-scale traffic camera dataset consisting of more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Zheng Tang , Milind Naphade , Ming-Yu Liu , Xiaodong Yang , Stan Birchfield , Shuo Wang , Ratnesh Kumar , David Anastasiu , Jenq-Neng Hwang

In this paper, we propose HyperVision, a realtime unsupervised machine learning (ML) based malicious traffic detection system. Particularly, HyperVision is able to detect unknown patterns of encrypted malicious traffic by utilizing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Chuanpu Fu , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Pre-trained models operating directly on raw bytes have achieved promising performance in encrypted network traffic classification (NTC), but often suffer from shortcut learning-relying on spurious correlations that fail to generalize to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chuyi Wang , Xiaohui Xie , Tongze Wang , Yong Cui

In contrast to previous surveys, the present work is not focused on reviewing the datasets used in the network security field. The fact is that many of the available public labeled datasets represent the network behavior just for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jorge Guerra , Carlos Catania , Eduardo Veas

With malware detection techniques increasingly adopting machine learning approaches, the creation of precise training sets becomes more and more important. Large data sets of realistic web traffic, correctly classified as benign or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-19 Johann Vierthaler , Roman Kruszelnicki , Julian Schütte

Machine learning and neural networks have become increasingly popular solutions for encrypted malware traffic detection. They mine and learn complex traffic patterns, enabling detection by fitting boundaries between malware traffic and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Susu Cui , Cong Dong , Meng Shen , Yuling Liu , Bo Jiang , Zhigang Lu

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

We introduce WebChain, the largest open-source dataset of human-annotated trajectories on real-world websites, designed to accelerate reproducible research in web agents. It contains 31,725 trajectories and 318k steps, featuring a core…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sicheng Fan , Rui Wan , Yifei Leng , Gaoning Liang , Li Ling , Yanyi Shang , Dehan Kong

Several encryption proposals for DNS have been presented since 2016, but their adoption was not comprehensively studied yet. This research measured the current adoption of DoH (DNS over HTTPS), DoT (DNS over TLS), and DoQ (DNS over QUIC)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Sebastián García , Karel Hynek , Dmtrii Vekshin , Tomáš Čejka , Armin Wasicek

The increasing automation of traffic management systems has made them prime targets for cyberattacks, disrupting urban mobility and public safety. Traditional network-layer defenses are often inaccessible to transportation agencies,…

The third version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is currently in its final standardization phase by the IETF. Besides better security and increased flexibility, it promises benefits in terms of performance. HTTP/3 adopts a more…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Martino Trevisan , Danilo Giordano , Idilio Drago , Ali Safari Khatouni

Modern network sensors continuously produce enormous quantities of raw data that are beyond the capacity of human analysts. Cross-correlation of network sensors increases this challenge by enriching every network event with additional…

Utilizing infrastructure and vehicle-side information to track and forecast the behaviors of surrounding traffic participants can significantly improve decision-making and safety in autonomous driving. However, the lack of real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Haibao Yu , Wenxian Yang , Hongzhi Ruan , Zhenwei Yang , Yingjuan Tang , Xu Gao , Xin Hao , Yifeng Shi , Yifeng Pan , Ning Sun , Juan Song , Jirui Yuan , Ping Luo , Zaiqing Nie

Road network data provides rich information about cities, but processing worldwide OpenStreetMap (OSM) data is computationally intensive, and the resulting graphs are often difficult to unify for benchmarking downstream tasks. Existing…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Guanjie Zheng , Ziyang Su , Yiheng Wang , Yuhang Luo , Hongwei Zhang , Xuanhe Zhou , Linghe Kong , Fan Wu , Wen Ling

Encrypted traffic classification (TC) methods must adapt to new protocols and extensions as well as to advancements in other machine learning fields. In this paper, we adopt a transfer learning setup best known from computer vision. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jan Luxemburk , Karel Hynek , Richard Plný , Tomáš Čejka