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Related papers: Revisiting the Superficial Alignment Hypothesis

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During the pretraining phase, large language models (LLMs) acquire vast amounts of knowledge from extensive text corpora. Nevertheless, in later stages such as fine-tuning and inference, the model may encounter knowledge not covered in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Bozhou Li , Hao Liang , Yang Li , Fangcheng Fu , Hongzhi Yin , Conghui He , Wentao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet recent findings reveal that their deeper layers often contribute minimally and can be pruned without affecting overall performance. While some view this as an opportunity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Pengxiang Li , Lu Yin , Shiwei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making contexts, but when they present answers without signaling low confidence, users may unknowingly act on erroneous outputs. Prior work shows that LLMs maintain internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Mark Steyvers , Catarina Belem , Padhraic Smyth

Recently, decomposing complex problems into simple subtasks--a crucial part of human-like natural planning--to solve the given problem has significantly boosted the performance of large language models (LLMs). However, leveraging such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mihir Parmar , Palash Goyal , Xin Liu , Yiwen Song , Mingyang Ling , Chitta Baral , Hamid Palangi , Tomas Pfister

Large language models have the potential to generate explanations for their own predictions in a variety of styles based on user instructions. Recent research has examined whether these self-explanations faithfully reflect the models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Tomoki Doi , Masaru Isonuma , Hitomi Yanaka

Human knowledge is collectively encoded in the roughly 6500 languages spoken around the world, but it is not distributed equally across languages. Hence, for information-seeking question answering (QA) systems to adequately serve speakers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Fahim Faisal , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Current large language models can perform reasonably well on complex tasks that require step-by-step reasoning with few-shot learning. Are these models applying reasoning skills they have learnt during pre-training and reason outside of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Ping Yu , Tianlu Wang , Olga Golovneva , Badr AlKhamissi , Siddharth Verma , Zhijing Jin , Gargi Ghosh , Mona Diab , Asli Celikyilmaz

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly advanced, their ability to exhibit compositional generalization -- the capacity to combine learned skills in novel ways not encountered during training -- has garnered significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Haoyu Zhao , Simran Kaur , Dingli Yu , Anirudh Goyal , Sanjeev Arora

Generalization abilities of well-trained large language models (LLMs) are known to scale predictably as a function of model size. In contrast to the existence of practical scaling laws governing pre-training, the quality of LLMs after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zifei Xu , Alexander Lan , Wanzin Yazar , Tristan Webb , Sayeh Sharify , Xin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the capabilities of artificial intelligence across various domains. However, their massive scale and high computational costs render them unsuitable for direct…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Miao Rang , Zhenni Bi , Hang Zhou , Hanting Chen , An Xiao , Tianyu Guo , Kai Han , Xinghao Chen , Yunhe Wang

The prevailing approach to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on human or AI feedback and assumes access to specific types of preference datasets. In our work, we question the efficacy of such datasets and explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hao Sun

Large language models have achieved significant reasoning improvements through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). Yet as model capabilities grow, constructing high-quality reward signals becomes increasingly difficult,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Salman Rahman , Jingyan Shen , Anna Mordvina , Hamid Palangi , Saadia Gabriel , Pavel Izmailov

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma

Learning dynamics, which describes how the learning of specific training examples influences the model's predictions on other examples, gives us a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of deep learning systems. We study the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yi Ren , Danica J. Sutherland

Instruction tuning of language models has demonstrated the ability to enhance model generalization to unseen tasks via in-context learning using a few examples. However, typical supervised learning still requires a plethora of downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Himanshu Gupta , Saurabh Arjun Sawant , Swaroop Mishra , Mutsumi Nakamura , Arindam Mitra , Santosh Mashetty , Chitta Baral

As LLMs occupy an increasingly important role in society, they are more and more confronted with questions that require them not only to draw on their general knowledge but also to align with certain human value systems. Therefore, studying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Mehar Bhatia , Shravan Nayak , Gaurav Kamath , Marius Mosbach , Karolina Stańczak , Vered Shwartz , Siva Reddy

This paper presents a study on strategies to enhance the translation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in the context of machine translation (MT) tasks. The paper proposes a novel paradigm consisting of three stages: Secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jiaxin Guo , Hao Yang , Zongyao Li , Daimeng Wei , Hengchao Shang , Xiaoyu Chen

Post-training is essential for the success of large language models (LLMs), transforming pre-trained base models into more useful and aligned post-trained models. While plenty of works have studied post-training algorithms and evaluated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hongzhe Du , Weikai Li , Min Cai , Karim Saraipour , Zimin Zhang , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Yizhou Sun , Shichang Zhang

Enhancing the complex reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) attracts widespread attention. While reinforcement learning (RL) has shown superior performance for improving complex reasoning, its impact on cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Shulin Huang , Yiran Ding , Junshu Pan , Yue Zhang