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By integrating tools from external APIs, Large Language Models (LLMs) have expanded their promising capabilities in a diverse spectrum of complex real-world tasks. However, testing, evaluation, and analysis of LLM tool use remain in their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuheng Huang , Jiayang Song , Da Song , Zhenlan Ji , Wenhan Wang , Shuai Wang , Lei Ma

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional reasoning capabilities, enabling them to solve various complex problems. Recently, this ability has been applied to the paradigm of tool learning. Tool learning involves providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yanming Liu , Xinyue Peng , Jiannan Cao , Yuwei Zhang , Xuhong Zhang , Sheng Cheng , Xun Wang , Jianwei Yin , Tianyu Du

Agentic systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in tackling complex, long-horizon tasks. However, their efficacy is fundamentally constrained by static configurations governing agent behaviors,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jingqi Zhou , Sheng Wang , DeZhao Deng , Junwen Lu , Junwei Su , Qintong Li , Jiahui Gao , Hao Wu , Jiyue Jiang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Roberto Dessì , Roberta Raileanu , Maria Lomeli , Luke Zettlemoyer , Nicola Cancedda , Thomas Scialom

Recent advancements in tool learning have enabled large language models (LLMs) to integrate external tools, enhancing their task performance by expanding their knowledge boundaries. However, relying on tools often introduces tradeoffs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hongshen Xu , Zihan Wang , Zichen Zhu , Lei Pan , Xingyu Chen , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

As LLM-based applications reach millions of customers, ensuring their scalability and continuous quality improvement is critical for success. However, the current workflows for developing, maintaining, and operating (DevOps) these…

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama3 have significantly impacted various fields by enabling high-quality synthetic data generation and reducing dependence on expensive human-generated datasets. Despite this, challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yue Huang , Siyuan Wu , Chujie Gao , Dongping Chen , Qihui Zhang , Yao Wan , Tianyi Zhou , Jianfeng Gao , Chaowei Xiao , Lichao Sun , Xiangliang Zhang

While the recent developments in large language models (LLMs) have successfully enabled generative recommenders with natural language interactions, their recommendation behavior is limited, leaving other simpler yet crucial components such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Seungheon Doh , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam

Prior work synthesizes tool-use LLM datasets by first generating a user query, followed by complex tool-use annotations like depth-first search (DFS). This leads to inevitable annotation failures and low efficiency in data generation. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zhongyi Zhou , Kohei Uehara , Haoyu Zhang , Jingtao Zhou , Lin Gu , Ruofei Du , Zheng Xu , Tatsuya Harada

Large Language Model (LLM) agents significantly extend the capabilities of standalone LLMs, empowering them to interact with external tools (e.g., APIs, functions) and complete various tasks in a self-directed fashion. The challenge of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Hongzhan Chen , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Hehong Chen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their capabilities as AI assistants by integrating external tools, allowing them to access a wider range of information. While recent LLMs are typically fine-tuned with tool usage examples during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jie He , Jennifer Neville , Mengting Wan , Longqi Yang , Hui Liu , Xiaofeng Xu , Xia Song , Jeff Z. Pan , Pei Zhou

Tool-augmented LLMs are a promising approach to create AI agents that can have realistic conversations, follow procedures, and call appropriate functions. However, evaluating them is challenging due to the diversity of possible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Samuel Arcadinho , David Aparicio , Mariana Almeida

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of interacting with external tools, granting access to specialized knowledge beyond their training data - critical in dynamic, knowledge-intensive domains such as Chemistry and…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly use external tools for complex tasks and rely on embedding-based retrieval to select a small top-k subset for reasoning. As these systems scale, the robustness of this retrieval stage is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hussein Jawad , Nicolas J-B Brunel

Large language model (LLM) agents rely on external tools to solve complex tasks, but real-world toolsets often contain redundant tools with overlapping names and descriptions, introducing ambiguity and reducing selection accuracy. LLMs also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marianne Menglin Liu , Daniel Garcia , Fjona Parllaku , Vikas Upadhyay , Syed Fahad Allam Shah , Dan Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance their problem-solving capability by utilizing external tools. However, in open-world scenarios with massive and evolving tool repositories, existing methods relying on static embedding retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shouzheng Huang , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Agents utilizing tools powered by large language models (LLMs) or vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in diverse tasks across text and visual modalities. Unlike traditional tools such as calculators, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yunzhong Xiao , Yangmin Li , Hewei Wang , Yunlong Tang , Zora Zhiruo Wang

Tool learning aims to augment large language models (LLMs) with diverse tools, enabling them to act as agents for solving practical tasks. Due to the limited context length of tool-using LLMs, adopting information retrieval (IR) models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengliang Shi , Yuhan Wang , Lingyong Yan , Pengjie Ren , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhaochun Ren

Generative recommendation based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed the traditional ranking-based recommendation style into a text-to-text generation paradigm. However, in contrast to standard NLP tasks that inherently operate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Juntao Tan , Shuyuan Xu , Wenyue Hua , Yingqiang Ge , Zelong Li , Yongfeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in data synthesis but can be inaccurate in domain-specific tasks, which retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems address by leveraging user-provided data. However, RAGs require optimization in both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kazi Ahmed Asif Fuad , Lizhong Chen