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There is strong evidence that the present-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is in a bi-stable regime and hence it is important to determine probabilities and pathways for noise-induced transitions between its…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Jelle Soons , Tobias Grafke , Henk A. Dijkstra

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) distributes heat and salt into the Northern Hemisphere via a warm surface current toward the subpolar North Atlantic, where water sinks and returns southwards as a deep cold current.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-08-01 John Bailie , Bernd Krauskopf

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and polar ice sheets are coupled tipping elements, allowing for potential cascading tipping events in which tipping is facilitated by their mutual interactions. However, while an AMOC…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Sacha Sinet , Anna S. von der Heydt , Henk A. Dijkstra

A catastrophic collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will have serious impacts on global climate. Based on eight AMOC proxies across the Atlantic basin Boers claimed to have found Early Warning Signals (EWS)…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Xianyao Chen , Ka-Kit Tung

Key components of the Earth system can undergo abrupt and potentially irreversible transitions when the magnitude or rate of external forcing exceeds critical thresholds. In this study, we use the example of the Atlantic Meridional…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wenjie Zhang , Yu Huang , Sebastian Bathiany , Yechul Shin , Maya Ben-Yami , Suiping Zhou , Niklas Boers

Climate variability on centennial timescales has often been linked to internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, due to the scarceness of suitable paleoclimate proxies and long climate model…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Oliver Mehling , Katinka Bellomo , Jost von Hardenberg

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the Earth's climate. Evidence indicates a twentieth-century weakening, and enhanced freshwater input to the subpolar North Atlantic may further reduce overturning…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-13 John Bailie , Priya Subramanian , Bernd Krauskopf

Machine Learning has become a pervasive tool in climate science applications. However, current models fail to address nonstationarity induced by anthropogenic alterations in greenhouse emissions and do not routinely quantify the uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Simon Dräger , Maike Sonnewald

Anticipating a tipping point, a transition from one stable steady state to another, is a problem of broad relevance due to the ubiquity of the phenomenon in diverse fields. The steady-state nature of the dynamics about a tipping point makes…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Shirin Panahi , Ling-Wei Kong , Mohammadamin Moradi , Zheng-Meng Zhai , Bryan Glaz , Mulugeta Haile , Ying-Cheng Lai

The results of a recent simulation with a complex global climate model suggest that the overturning component of the freshwater transport at the southern boundary of the Atlantic could be used as an early-warning indicator of an AMOC…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Erhard Reschenhofer

Climate models project that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will weaken in the 21st century, but the magnitude is highly uncertain. Some of this uncertainty is structural, as most climate models neglect increasing…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Oliver Mehling , Henk A. Dijkstra

Anticipating critical transitions in the Earth system is of great societal relevance, yet there may be intrinsic limitations to their predictability. For instance, from the theory of dynamical systems possessing multiple chaotic attractors,…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2024-01-30 Oliver Mehling , Reyk Börner , Valerio Lucarini

We address the issue of resilience of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) given the many indications that this dynamical system is in a multi-stable regime. A novel approach to resilience based on rare event techniques is…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 Valérian Jacques-Dumas , Henk A. Dijkstra , Christian Kuehn

Various subsystems of the Earth system may undergo critical transitions by passing a so-called tipping point, under sustained changes to forcing. For example, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is of particular…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-01 Kerstin Lux , Peter Ashwin , Richard Wood , Christian Kuehn

The tipping of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to a 'shutdown' state due to changes in the freshwater forcing of the ocean is of particular interest and concern due to its widespread ramifications, including a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-06-09 Alannah Neff , Andrew Keane , Henk A. Dijkstra , Bernd Krauskopf

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is a crucial part of the climate system because of its associated northward heat transport. The present-day MOC is sensitive to freshwater anomalies and may collapse to a state with a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Qing Yi Feng , Jan P. Viebahn , Henk A. Dijkstra

The Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is a system of surface and deep currents encompassing all ocean basins, crucial to the Earth's climate. Detecting potential climatic changes in the MOC first requires a careful characterisation…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Tomas Jonathan

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an important component of the global climate, known to be a tipping element, as it could collapse under global warming. The main objective of this study is to compute the probability…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-07-03 Valérian Jacques-Dumas , René M. van Westen , Henk A. Dijkstra

There is increasing concern that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) may collapse this century with a disrupting societal impact on large parts of the world. Preliminary estimates of the probability of such an AMOC…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Emma J. V. Smolders , René M. van Westen , Henk A. Dijkstra

All climate models project that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will weaken in the 21st century, but most models neglect increasing runoff from the Greenland ice sheet. Greenland meltwater is expected to exacerbate…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Oliver Mehling , Katinka Bellomo , Federico Fabiano , Marion Devilliers , Michele Petrini , Susanna Corti , Jost von Hardenberg