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The ambition of harnessing the quantum for computation is at odds with the fundamental phenomenon of decoherence. The purpose of quantum error correction (QEC) is to counteract the natural tendency of a complex system to decohere. This…

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers hinges on the construction of high-speed, high-accuracy, real-time decoding systems. The persistent challenge lies in the fundamental trade-off between speed and accuracy: efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Riki Toshio , Kaito Kishi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Fault-tolerant quantum computers use decoders to monitor for errors and find a plausible correction. A decoder may provide a decoder confidence score (DCS) to gauge its success. We adopt a swim distance DCS, computed from the shortest path…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Maria Dincă , Tim Chan , Simon C. Benjamin

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is an essential field of research towards the realization of large-scale quantum computers. On the theoretical side, a lot of effort is put into designing error-correcting codes that protect quantum data from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Lucas Berent , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Scaling fault tolerant quantum computers, especially cryogenic systems based on the surface code, to millions of qubits is challenging due to poorly-scaling data processing and power consumption overheads. One key hurdle is the design of…

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computation will require real-time decoding algorithms capable of quickly extracting logical outcomes from the stream of data generated by noisy quantum hardware. We propose modular decoding, an approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-10 Héctor Bombín , Chris Dawson , Ye-Hua Liu , Naomi Nickerson , Fernando Pastawski , Sam Roberts

Recent years have seen rapid development in the subject of quantum coding theory, with breakthroughs on many exciting classes of codes, including quantum LDPC codes, quantum locally testable codes, and quantum codes with interesting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Adam Wills , Ting-Chun Lin , Rachel Yun Zhang , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Although qubit coherence times and gate fidelities are continuously improving, logical encoding is essential to achieve fault tolerance in quantum computing. In most encoding schemes, correcting or tracking errors throughout the computation…

The demonstration of quantum error correction (QEC) is one of the most important milestones in the realization of fully-fledged quantum computers. Toward this, QEC experiments using the surface codes have recently been actively conducted.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-12 Mitsuki Katsuda , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Often in QEC errors are assumed to be independent and identically distributed and can be discretised to a random Pauli error during the execution of a…

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is required in quantum computers to mitigate the effect of errors on physical qubits. When adopting a QEC scheme based on surface codes, error decoding is the most computationally expensive task in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-14 Ramon Overwater , Masoud Babaie , Fabio Sebastiano

Scaling quantum computing to practical applications necessitates reliable quantum error correction. Although numerous correction codes have been proposed, the overall correction efficiency critically limited by the decode algorithms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Gengyuan Hu , Wanli Ouyang , Chao-Yang Lu , Chen Lin , Han-Sen Zhong

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is essential for fault-tolerant quantum copmutation, and its implementation is a very sophisticated process involving both quantum and classical hardware. Formulating and verifying the decomposition of logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Anbang Wu , Gushu Li , Hezi Zhang , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi , Yuan Xie , Yufei Ding

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

Near-term quantum workloads demand error management, yet the two lightest-weight techniques, Quantum Error Detection (QED) and Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC), have complementary cost profiles whose joint architectural design space…

Erasures are the primary type of errors in physical systems dominated by leakage errors. While quantum error correction (QEC) using stabilizer codes can combat erasure errors, it remains unknown which constructions achieve capacity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Kao-Yueh Kuo , Yingkai Ouyang

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is the process of detecting and correcting errors in quantum systems, which are prone to decoherence and quantum noise. QEC is crucial for developing stable and highly accurate quantum computing systems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Zihao Wang , Hao Tang

Real-time decoding of quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. A practical decoder must operate with high accuracy at low latency, while remaining robust to spatial and temporal variations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Samuel Stein , Shuwen Kan , Chenxu Liu , Adrian Harkness , Sean Garner , Zefan Du , Yufei Ding , Ying Mao , Ang Li

Quantum error correction is one of the fundamental building blocks of digital quantum computation. The Quantum Lego formalism has introduced a systematic way of constructing new stabilizer codes out of basic lego-like building blocks, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Yariv Yanay