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Prompting foundation models (FMs) like large language models (LLMs) have enabled new AI-powered software features (e.g., text summarization) that previously were only possible by fine-tuning FMs. Now, developers are embedding prompts in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Jenny T. Liang , Chenyang Yang , Agnia Sergeyuk , Travis D. Breaux , Brad A. Myers

Background and Context. The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) in computing education presents an emerging challenge in understanding how students use LLMs and craft prompts to solve computational tasks. Prior research…

Many students in introductory programming courses fare poorly in the code writing tasks of the final summative assessment. Such tasks are designed to assess whether novices have developed the analytical skills to translate from the given…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Shruthi Ravikumar , Margaret Hamilton , Charles Thevathayan , Maria Spichkova , Kashif Ali , Gayan Wijesinghe

Mastering one or more programming languages has historically been the gateway to implementing ideas on a computer. Today, that gateway is widening with advances in large language models (LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI)-powered coding…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Douglas C. Schmidt , Dan Runfola

Programming students have a widespread access to powerful Generative AI tools like ChatGPT. While this can help understand the learning material and assist with exercises, educators are voicing more and more concerns about an overreliance…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Christian Rahe , Walid Maalej

A great part of software development involves conceptualizing or communicating the underlying procedures and logic that needs to be expressed in programs. One major difficulty of programming is turning concept into code, especially when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Frank F. Xu , Bogdan Vasilescu , Graham Neubig

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, offer significant opportunities to enhance instructional support in introductory programming courses. While extensive research has explored the effectiveness of LLMs in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Muntasir Hoq , Jessica Vandenberg , Shuyin Jiao , Seung Lee , Bradford Mott , Narges Norouzi , James Lester , Bita Akram

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain in popularity, it is important to understand how novice programmers use them. We present a thematic analysis of 33 learners, aged 10-17, independently learning Python through 45 code-authoring tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Majeed Kazemitabaar , Xinying Hou , Austin Henley , Barbara J. Ericson , David Weintrop , Tovi Grossman

The integration of AI tools into programming education has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, transforming the way programming is taught and learned. This paper provides a review of the state-of-the-art AI tools available for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Nikolaos Avouris , Kyriakos Sgarbas , George Caridakis , Christos Sintoris

Effective prompting of generative AI is challenging for many users, particularly in expressing context for comprehension tasks such as explaining spreadsheet formulas, Python code, and text passages. Prompt middleware aims to address this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ian Drosos , Jack Williams , Advait Sarkar , Nicholas Wilson

Programming is essential to modern scientific research, yet most scientists report inadequate training for the software development their work demands. Generative AI tools capable of code generation may support scientific programmers, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Gabrielle O'Brien , Alexis Parker , Nasir Eisty , Jeffrey Carver

In the current study,we propose that, in the era of generative AI, there is now a new form of literacy called "prompt literacy," which refers to the ability to generate precise prompts as input for AI systems, interpret the outputs, and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yohan Hwang , Jang Ho Lee , Dongkwang Shin

The growing need for automated and personalized feedback in programming education has led to recent interest in leveraging generative AI for feedback generation. However, current approaches tend to rely on prompt engineering techniques in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Tung Phung , Nachiket Kotalwar , Michael Liut , Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Adish Singla

Generative AI is changing the way developers interact with software systems, providing services that can produce and deliver new content, crafted to satisfy the actual needs of developers. For instance, developers can ask for new code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Ionut Daniel Fagadau , Leonardo Mariani , Daniela Micucci , Oliviero Riganelli

Computer programming represents a rapidly evolving and sought-after career path in the 21st century. Nevertheless, novice learners may find the process intimidating for several reasons, such as limited and highly competitive career…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 M. A. F. Aamina , V. Kavishcan , W. M. P. B. B. Jayaratne , K. K. D. S. N. Kannangara , A. A. Aamil , Achini Adikari

Deep generative models have the potential to fundamentally change the way we create high-fidelity digital content but are often hard to control. Prompting a generative model is a promising recent development that in principle enables…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Hai Dang , Lukas Mecke , Florian Lehmann , Sven Goller , Daniel Buschek

The rise of Generative AI (GenAI) tools like ChatGPT has created new opportunities and challenges for computing education. Existing research has primarily focused on GenAI's ability to complete educational tasks and its impact on student…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Rufeng Chen , Shuaishuai Jiang , Jiyun Shen , AJung Moon , Lili Wei

Generative AI (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT now provide novice programmers with instant, personalized support and are reshaping computing education. While a growing body of work examines AI's immediate impacts, longitudinal evidence remains…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Boxuan Ma , Huiyong Li , Gen Li , Li Chen , Cheng Tang , Atsushi Shimada , Shin'ichi Konomi

College students increasingly use AI chatbots to support academic reading, yet we lack granular understanding of how these interactions shape their reading experience and cognitive engagement. We conducted an eight-week longitudinal study…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yue Fu , Joel Wester , Niels Van Berkel , Alexis Hiniker

The increasing demand for digital literacy and artificial intelligence (AI) fluency in the workforce has highlighted the need for scalable, efficient programming instruction. This study evaluates the effectiveness of integrating generative…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ian McCulloh , Pedro Rodriguez , Srivaths Kumar , Manu Gupta , Viplove Raj Sharma , Benjamin Johnson , Anthony N. Johnson