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In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm leveraging LLMs for specific downstream tasks by utilizing labeled examples as demonstrations (demos) in the preconditioned prompts. Despite its promising performance, crafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Prashant Khanduri , Dongxiao Zhu

Pre-trained models of source code have gained widespread popularity in many code intelligence tasks. Recently, with the scaling of the model and corpus size, large language models have shown the ability of in-context learning (ICL). ICL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Shuzheng Gao , Xin-Cheng Wen , Cuiyun Gao , Wenxuan Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Michael R. Lyu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success in various tasks, yet their safety and the risk of generating harmful content remain pressing concerns. In this paper, we delve into the potential of In-Context Learning (ICL) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zeming Wei , Yifei Wang , Ang Li , Yichuan Mo , Yisen Wang

With the emergence of more powerful large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, in-context learning (ICL) has gained significant prominence in leveraging these models for specific tasks by utilizing data-label pairs as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jiongxiao Wang , Zichen Liu , Keun Hee Park , Zhuojun Jiang , Zhaoheng Zheng , Zhuofeng Wu , Muhao Chen , Chaowei Xiao

In the domain of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) has been recognized for its innovative ability to adapt to new tasks, relying on examples rather than retraining or fine-tuning. This paper delves into the critical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Pengfei He , Han Xu , Yue Xing , Hui Liu , Makoto Yamada , Jiliang Tang

In-Context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the code generation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), which incorporates code examples inside the prompt to let LLMs learn from demonstrations. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Dongze Li , Songqiang Chen , Jialun Cao , Shing-Chi Cheung

In-Context Learning (ICL) is an important paradigm for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks through a few demonstrations. Despite the great success of ICL, the limitation of the demonstration number may lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Caoyun Fan , Jidong Tian , Yitian Li , Hao He , Yaohui Jin

With the increasing capabilities of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a new paradigm for natural language processing (NLP), where LLMs make predictions based on contexts augmented with a few examples. It…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Qingxiu Dong , Lei Li , Damai Dai , Ce Zheng , Jingyuan Ma , Rui Li , Heming Xia , Jingjing Xu , Zhiyong Wu , Tianyu Liu , Baobao Chang , Xu Sun , Lei Li , Zhifang Sui

In-context learning (ICL) has demonstrated remarkable success in large language models (LLMs) due to its adaptability and parameter-free nature. However, it also introduces a critical vulnerability to backdoor attacks, where adversaries can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhiyao Ren , Siyuan Liang , Aishan Liu , Dacheng Tao

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has shown remarkable performance across various tasks without requiring fine-tuning. However, recent studies have highlighted the risk of private data leakage through the prompt in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Seongho Joo , Hyukhun Koh , Kyomin Jung

In-context learning (ICL) has transformed the use of large language models (LLMs) for NLP tasks, enabling few-shot learning by conditioning on labeled examples without finetuning. Despite its effectiveness, ICL is prone to errors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Katharina von der Wense

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in performing tasks across various domains without needing explicit retraining. This capability, known as In-Context Learning (ICL), while impressive, exposes LLMs to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan , Amin Karbasi

In-context learning (ICL) is a recent advancement in the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). This feature allows users to perform a new task without updating the model. Concretely, users can address tasks during the inference time…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

In-context learning (ICL) is a new paradigm for natural language processing (NLP), where a large language model (LLM) observes a small number of demonstrations and a test instance as its input, and directly makes predictions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Fei Zhao , Taotian Pang , Zhen Wu , Zheng Ma , Shujian Huang , Xinyu Dai

The emergence of in-context learning (ICL) enables large pre-trained language models (PLMs) to make predictions for unseen inputs without updating parameters. Despite its potential, ICL's effectiveness heavily relies on the quality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xiaoling Zhou , Wei Ye , Yidong Wang , Chaoya Jiang , Zhemg Lee , Rui Xie , Shikun Zhang

In-context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability alongside the development of scaled-up large language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Quanyu Long , Yin Wu , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

In-context learning (ICL) with dynamically selected demonstrations combines the flexibility of prompting large language models (LLMs) with the ability to leverage training data to improve performance. While ICL has been highly successful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shivanshu Gupta , Sameer Singh , Ashish Sabharwal , Tushar Khot , Ben Bogin

Large language model-based agents, empowered by in-context learning (ICL), have demonstrated strong capabilities in complex reasoning and tool-use tasks. However, existing works have shown that the effectiveness of ICL is highly sensitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ruoyu Wang , Junda Wu , Yu Xia , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Julian McAuley , Lina Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their In-Context Learning (ICL) capabilities, enabling few-shot learning without the need for gradient updates. Despite its advantages, the effectiveness of ICL heavily depends on the choice of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Vinay M. S. , Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit In-Context Learning (ICL), which enables the model to perform new tasks conditioning only on the examples provided in the context without updating the model's weights. While ICL offers fast adaptation…

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