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The Koopman operator is a mathematical tool that allows for a linear description of non-linear systems, but working in infinite dimensional spaces. Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition are amongst the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Francesco Zanini , Alessandro Chiuso

Extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is a popular data-driven method to predict the action of the Koopman operator, i.e., the evolution of an observable function along the flow of a dynamical system. In this paper, we leverage a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-17 Lea Bold , Manuel Schaller , Irene Schimperna , Karl Worthmann

The Koopman operator and its data-driven approximations, such as extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD), are widely used for analysing, modelling, and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems. However, when the true Koopman…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-05 Roland Schurig , Pieter van Goor , Karl Worthmann , Rolf Findeisen

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a popular data-driven analysis technique used to decompose complex, nonlinear systems into a set of modes, revealing underlying patterns and dynamics through spectral analysis. This review presents a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-22 Matthew J. Colbrook

Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) is a widely used data-driven algorithm for estimating the Koopman Operator. EDMD extends Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) by lifting the snapshot data using nonlinear dictionary functions before…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-07 Dipankar Maity , Debdipta Goswami

This paper explores the integration of symmetries into the Koopman-operator framework for the analysis and efficient learning of equivariant dynamical systems using a group-convolutional approach. Approximating the Koopman operator by…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Hans Harder , Feliks Nüske , Friedrich M. Philipp , Manuel Schaller , Karl Worthmann , Sebastian Peitz

Data-driven approximations of the Koopman operator are promising for predicting the time evolution of systems characterized by complex dynamics. Among these methods, the approach known as extended dynamic mode decomposition with dictionary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 C. Ricardo Constante-Amores , Alec J. Linot , Michael D. Graham

Originally introduced in the fluid mechanics community, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the dynamics of nonlinear systems. However, existing DMD theory deals primarily with sequential time…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-12-17 Jonathan H. Tu , Clarence W. Rowley , Dirk M. Luchtenburg , Steven L. Brunton , J. Nathan Kutz

We introduce the Rigged Dynamic Mode Decomposition (Rigged DMD) algorithm, which computes generalized eigenfunction decompositions of Koopman operators. By considering the evolution of observables, Koopman operators transform complex…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-12-04 Matthew J. Colbrook , Catherine Drysdale , Andrew Horning

Extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is a powerful tool to construct linear predictors of nonlinear dynamical systems by approximating the action of the Koopman operator on a subspace spanned by finitely many observable functions.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Roland Schurig , Pieter van Goor , Karl Worthmann , Rolf Findeisen

Studying nonlinear dynamical systems through their state space behavior can be challenging, and one possible alternative is to analyze them via their associated Koopman operator. This turns the nonlinear problem into a linear,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Erik Lien Bolager , Boumediene Hamzi , Houman Owhadi , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Felix Dietrich

This manuscript is aimed at addressing several long standing limitations of dynamic mode decompositions in the application of Koopman analysis. Principle among these limitations are the convergence of associated Dynamic Mode Decomposition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Joel A. Rosenfeld , Rushikesh Kamalapurkar

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and its variants, such as extended DMD (EDMD), are broadly used to fit simple linear models to dynamical systems known from observable data. As DMD methods work well in several situations but perform poorly…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-08-06 George Haller , Bálint Kaszás

Extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is a well-established method to generate a data-driven approximation of the Koopman operator for analysis and prediction of nonlinear dynamical systems. Recently, kernel EDMD (kEDMD) has gained…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-07-08 Frederik Köhne , Friedrich M. Philipp , Manuel Schaller , Anton Schiela , Karl Worthmann

Koopman operators are infinite-dimensional operators that linearize nonlinear dynamical systems, facilitating the study of their spectral properties and enabling the prediction of the time evolution of observable quantities. Recent methods…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Nicolas Boullé , Matthew J. Colbrook

This paper describes a method for learning low-dimensional approximations of nonlinear dynamical systems, based on neural-network approximations of the underlying Koopman operator. Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) provides a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-01-17 Samuel E. Otto , Clarence W. Rowley

System identification based on Koopman operator theory has grown in popularity recently. Spectral properties of the Koopman operator of a system were proven to relate to properties like invariant sets, stability, periodicity, etc. of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-27 Nibodh Boddupalli

Koopman operator theory offers a rigorous treatment of dynamics and has been emerging as an alternative modeling and learning-based control method across various robotics sub-domains. Due to its ability to represent nonlinear dynamics as a…

Any deterministic autonomous dynamical system may be globally linearized by its' Koopman operator. This object is typically infinite-dimensional and can be approximated by the so-called Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). In DMD, the central…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Gowtham S Seenivasaharagavan , Milan Korda , Hassan Arbabi , Igor Mezić

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) describes complex dynamic processes through a hierarchy of simpler coherent features. DMD is regularly used to understand the fundamental characteristics of turbulence and is closely related to Koopman…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-02-01 Matthew J. Colbrook , Lorna J. Ayton , Máté Szőke