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Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates language model inference by drafting tokens from a cheap proposal model and verifying them against an expensive target model via rejection sampling. Because rejection truncates the draft block at the…

A rising research challenge is running costly machine learning (ML) networks locally on resource-constrained edge devices. ML networks with large convolutional layers can easily exceed available memory, increasing latency due to excessive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Jackson Farley , Andreas Gerstlauer

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques enable imaging biological samples well beyond the diffraction limit of light, but they vary significantly in their spatial and temporal resolutions. High-order statistical analysis…

Biological Physics · Physics 2016-03-15 Shachar Schidorsky , Xiyu Yi , Yair Razvag , Yonatan Golan , Shimon Weiss , Eilon Sherman

Stable Diffusion (SD) has evolved DDPM (Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model) based image generation significantly by denoising in latent space instead of feature space. This popularized DDPM-based image generation as the cost and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Md Abu Obaida Zishan , Jannatun Noor , Annajiat Alim Rasel

Traditional works have shown that patches in a natural image tend to redundantly recur many times inside the image, both within the same scale, as well as across different scales. Make full use of these multi-scale information can improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-25 Wuzhen Shi , Feng Jiang , Debin Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) hold tremendous potential for addressing numerous real-world challenges, yet they typically demand significant computational resources and memory. Deploying LLMs onto a resource-limited hardware device with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pujiang He , Shan Zhou , Changqing Li , Wenhuan Huang , Weifei Yu , Duyi Wang , Chen Meng , Sheng Gui

Currently, Machine Learning (ML) is becoming ubiquitous in everyday life. Deep Learning (DL) is already present in many applications ranging from computer vision for medicine to autonomous driving of modern cars as well as other sectors in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Maurizio Capra , Beatrice Bussolino , Alberto Marchisio , Guido Masera , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

This tutorial presents a comprehensive introduction to Speculative Decoding (SD), an advanced technique for LLM inference acceleration that has garnered significant research interest in recent years. SD is introduced as an innovative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Heming Xia , Cunxiao Du , Yongqi Li , Qian Liu , Wenjie Li

Distributed inference serves as a promising approach to enabling the inference of large language models (LLMs) at the network edge. It distributes the inference process to multiple devices to ensure that the LLMs can fit into the device…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xing Liu , Lizhuo Luo , Ming Tang , Chao Huang , Xu Chen

Advancements in adapting deep convolution architectures for Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have significantly enhanced image classification performance and reduced computational burdens. However, the inability of Multiplication-Free…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Boyan Li , Luziwei Leng , Shuaijie Shen , Kaixuan Zhang , Jianguo Zhang , Jianxing Liao , Ran Cheng

Dense pixel matching problems such as optical flow and disparity estimation are among the most challenging tasks in computer vision. Recently, several deep learning methods designed for these problems have been successful. A sufficiently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Ali Salehi , Madhusudhanan Balasubramanian

The deployment of large language models' (LLMs) inference at the edge can facilitate prompt service responsiveness while protecting user privacy. However, it is critically challenged by the resource constraints of a single edge node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Peirong Zheng , Wenchao Xu , Haozhao Wang , Jinyu Chen , Xuemin Shen

Background and objective: Employing deep learning models in critical domains such as medical imaging poses challenges associated with the limited availability of training data. We present a strategy for improving the performance and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Eva Pachetti , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Sara Colantonio

The growth in the number of parameters of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a significant surge in computational requirements, making them challenging and costly to deploy. Speculative decoding (SD) leverages smaller models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Matthieu Zimmer , Milan Gritta , Gerasimos Lampouras , Haitham Bou Ammar , Jun Wang

Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm, utilizing simultaneous denoising to enable global planning and iterative refinement. While these capabilities are particularly advantageous for long-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Liang Zheng , Bowen Shi , Yitao Hu , Jiawei Zhang , Ruofan Li , Sheng Chen , Wenxin Li , Keqiu Li

Deep learning inference on embedded devices is a burgeoning field with myriad applications because tiny embedded devices are omnipresent. But we must overcome major challenges before we can benefit from this opportunity. Embedded processors…

The current state of the art of Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping, or SLAM, on low power embedded systems is about sparse localisation and mapping with low resolution results in the name of efficiency. Meanwhile, research in this field…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Konstantinos Boikos , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Accelerating the inference of large language models (LLMs) is a critical challenge in generative AI. Speculative decoding (SD) methods offer substantial efficiency gains by generating multiple tokens using a single target forward pass.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Nadav Timor , Jonathan Mamou , Daniel Korat , Moshe Berchansky , Gaurav Jain , Oren Pereg , Moshe Wasserblat , David Harel

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) are primarily based on large-scale dense matrix multiplications. Inspired by the brain's information processing mechanism, we explore the fundamental question: how to effectively integrate the brain's…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Han Xu , Xuerui Qiu , Baiyu Chen , Xinhao Luo , Xingrun Xing , Jiahong Zhang , Bo Lei , Tiejun Huang , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li