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Discrete representation learning has shown promising results across various domains, including generation and understanding in image, speech and language. Inspired by these advances, we propose MuseTok, a tokenization method for symbolic…

Autoregressive music generation depends strongly on the audio tokenizer. Existing high-fidelity codecs often use residual multi-codebook quantization, which preserves reconstruction quality but complicates language modeling after sequence…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuqing Cheng , Xingyu Ma , Guochen Yu , Xiaotao Gu

Recent progress in natural language processing has been adapted to the symbolic music modality. Language models, such as Transformers, have been used with symbolic music for a variety of tasks among which music generation, modeling or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Nathan Fradet , Jean-Pierre Briot , Fabien Chhel , Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni , Nicolas Gutowski

We present SceneTok, a novel tokenizer for encoding view sets of scenes into a compressed and diffusable set of unstructured tokens. Existing approaches for 3D scene representation and generation commonly use 3D data structures or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Mohammad Asim , Christopher Wewer , Jan Eric Lenssen

Efficiently representing audio signals in a compressed latent space is critical for latent generative modelling. However, existing autoencoders often force a choice between continuous embeddings and discrete tokens. Furthermore, achieving…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Marco Pasini , Stefan Lattner , George Fazekas

The goal of this paper is to accelerate codec-based speech synthesis systems with minimum sacrifice to speech quality. We propose an enhanced inference method that allows for flexible trade-offs between speed and quality during inference…

Audio tokenizers are fundamental to unifying audio understanding and generation. Understanding requires high-level semantics, while generation demands semantic and acoustic details. Existing unified tokenizers jointly encode both in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-28 Zhisheng Zhang , Xiang Li , Yixuan Zhou , Jing Peng , Guoyang Zeng , Zhiyong Wu

The automated creation of accurate musical notation from an expressive human performance is a fundamental task in computational musicology. To this end, we present an end-to-end deep learning approach that constructs detailed musical scores…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Tim Beyer , Angela Dai

We consider the problem of learning high-level controls over the global structure of generated sequences, particularly in the context of symbolic music generation with complex language models. In this work, we present the Transformer…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Kristy Choi , Curtis Hawthorne , Ian Simon , Monica Dinculescu , Jesse Engel

In this work, we propose aligning pretrained visual encoders to serve as tokenizers for latent diffusion models in image generation. Unlike training a variational autoencoder (VAE) from scratch, which primarily emphasizes low-level details,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Bowei Chen , Sai Bi , Hao Tan , He Zhang , Tianyuan Zhang , Zhengqi Li , Yuanjun Xiong , Jianming Zhang , Kai Zhang

Encoding video content into compact latent tokens has become a fundamental step in video generation and understanding, driven by the need to address the inherent redundancy in pixel-level representations. Consequently, there is a growing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Anni Tang , Tianyu He , Junliang Guo , Xinle Cheng , Li Song , Jiang Bian

To apply neural sequence models such as the Transformers to music generation tasks, one has to represent a piece of music by a sequence of tokens drawn from a finite set of pre-defined vocabulary. Such a vocabulary usually involves tokens…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Wen-Yi Hsiao , Jen-Yu Liu , Yin-Cheng Yeh , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

In English, prosody adds a broad range of information to segment sequences, from information structure (e.g. contrast) to stylistic variation (e.g. expression of emotion). However, when learning to control prosody in text-to-speech voices,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-04 Zack Hodari , Catherine Lai , Simon King

Several fully end-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) models have been proposed that have shown better performance compared to cascade models (i.e., training acoustic and vocoder models separately). However, they often generate unstable pitch…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-23 Yuma Shirahata , Ryuichi Yamamoto , Eunwoo Song , Ryo Terashima , Jae-Min Kim , Kentaro Tachibana

Symbolic music analysis tasks are often performed by models originally developed for Natural Language Processing, such as Transformers. Such models require the input data to be represented as sequences, which is achieved through a process…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller

Neural Audio Codecs, initially designed as a compression technique, have gained more attention recently for speech generation. Codec models represent each audio frame as a sequence of tokens, i.e., discrete embeddings. The discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Alexander H. Liu , Qirui Wang , Yuan Gong , James Glass

Expressive music performance rendering involves interpreting symbolic scores with variations in timing, dynamics, articulation, and instrument-specific techniques, resulting in performances that capture musical can emotional intent. We…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-12 Huan Zhang , Akira Maezawa , Simon Dixon

Existing approaches for generating multitrack music with transformer models have been limited in terms of the number of instruments, the length of the music segments and slow inference. This is partly due to the memory requirements of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hao-Wen Dong , Ke Chen , Shlomo Dubnov , Julian McAuley , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Emotion-driven melody harmonization aims to generate diverse harmonies for a single melody to convey desired emotions. Previous research found it hard to alter the perceived emotional valence of lead sheets only by harmonizing the same…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jingyue Huang , Yi-Hsuan Yang
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