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Related papers: LFQA-E: Carefully Benchmarking Long-form QA Evalua…

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\Ac{LFQA} aims to generate lengthy answers to complex questions. This scenario presents great flexibility as well as significant challenges for evaluation. Most evaluations rely on deterministic metrics that depend on string or n-gram…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Ning Xian , Yixing Fan , Ruqing Zhang , Maarten de Rijke , Jiafeng Guo

Long-form question answering (LFQA) enables answering a wide range of questions, but its flexibility poses enormous challenges for evaluation. We perform the first targeted study of the evaluation of long-form answers, covering both human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Fangyuan Xu , Yixiao Song , Mohit Iyyer , Eunsol Choi

The task of long-form question answering (LFQA) involves retrieving documents relevant to a given question and using them to generate a paragraph-length answer. While many models have recently been proposed for LFQA, we show in this paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Kalpesh Krishna , Aurko Roy , Mohit Iyyer

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on standard reasoning and question-answering benchmarks, yet such evaluations often fail to capture their ability to handle long-tail, expertise-intensive knowledge in real-world professional…

Long-form question answering (LFQA) tasks require retrieving the documents pertinent to a query, using them to form a paragraph-length answer. Despite considerable progress in LFQA modeling, fundamental issues impede its progress: i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Suchismit Mahapatra , Vladimir Blagojevic , Pablo Bertorello , Prasanna Kumar

Long-form question answering (LFQA) poses a challenge as it involves generating detailed answers in the form of paragraphs, which go beyond simple yes/no responses or short factual answers. While existing QA models excel in questions with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Pritom Saha Akash , Kashob Kumar Roy , Lucian Popa , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

There is a lack of benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) in long-form medical question answering (QA). Most existing medical QA evaluation benchmarks focus on automatic metrics and multiple-choice questions. While valuable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Pedram Hosseini , Jessica M. Sin , Bing Ren , Bryceton G. Thomas , Elnaz Nouri , Ali Farahanchi , Saeed Hassanpour

Long-form question answering (LFQA) demands nuanced evaluation of multi-sentence explanatory responses, yet existing metrics often fail to reflect human judgment. We present LFQA-HP-1M, a large-scale dataset comprising 1.3M human pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rafid Ishrak Jahan , Fahmid Shahriar Iqbal , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

Long-form question answering (LFQA) aims to generate a paragraph-length answer for a given question. While current work on LFQA using large pre-trained model for generation are effective at producing fluent and somewhat relevant content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Dan Su , Xiaoguang Li , Jindi Zhang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Pascale Fung

In this thesis, we investigated the relevance, faithfulness, and succinctness aspects of Long Form Question Answering (LFQA). LFQA aims to generate an in-depth, paragraph-length answer for a given question, to help bridge the gap between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Dan Su

Personalization is essential for question answering systems that are user-centric. Despite its importance, personalization in answer generation has been relatively underexplored. This is mainly due to lack of resources for training and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Alireza Salemi , Hamed Zamani

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate to long-form questions, producing plausible yet factually incorrect answers. A common mitigation strategy is to provide attribution to LLM outputs. However, existing benchmarks primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yitao Long , Tiansheng Hu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Chen Zhao

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but for many of the most challenging and interesting QA examples, current evaluation metrics to determine answer equivalence (AE) often do not align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Boyd-Graber

Long-form question answering (LFQA) aims to provide thorough and in-depth answers to complex questions, enhancing comprehension. However, such detailed responses are prone to hallucinations and factual inconsistencies, challenging their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Rachneet Sachdeva , Yixiao Song , Mohit Iyyer , Iryna Gurevych

Question Answering (QA) on narrative text poses a unique challenge to current systems, requiring a deep understanding of long, complex documents. However, the reliability of NarrativeQA, the most widely used benchmark in this domain, is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Tommaso Bonomo , Luca Gioffré , Roberto Navigli

As Large Language Models (LLMs) advance, their potential for widespread societal impact grows simultaneously. Hence, rigorous LLM evaluations are both a technical necessity and social imperative. While numerous evaluation benchmarks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jaime Raldua Veuthey , Zainab Ali Majid , Suhas Hariharan , Jacob Haimes

Many individuals are likely to face a legal dispute at some point in their lives, but their lack of understanding of how to navigate these complex issues often renders them vulnerable. The advancement of natural language processing opens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Antoine Louis , Gijs van Dijck , Gerasimos Spanakis

Non-Factoid (NF) Question Answering (QA) is challenging to evaluate due to diverse potential answers and no objective criterion. The commonly used automatic evaluation metrics like ROUGE or BERTScore cannot accurately measure semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Sihui Yang , Keping Bi , Wanqing Cui , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in understanding long-form contents. However, exploring their capability for generating long-form contents, such as reports and articles, has been relatively unexplored and inadequately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haochen Tan , Zhijiang Guo , Zhan Shi , Lu Xu , Zhili Liu , Yunlong Feng , Xiaoguang Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Linqi Song

This study focuses on the evaluation of the Open Question Answering (Open-QA) task, which can directly estimate the factuality of large language models (LLMs). Current automatic evaluation methods have shown limitations, indicating that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Cunxiang Wang , Sirui Cheng , Qipeng Guo , Yuanhao Yue , Bowen Ding , Zhikun Xu , Yidong Wang , Xiangkun Hu , Zheng Zhang , Yue Zhang
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