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Subseasonal forecasting of the weather two to six weeks in advance is critical for resource allocation and advance disaster notice but poses many challenges for the forecasting community. At this forecast horizon, physics-based dynamical…

In recent years, the climate change research community has become highly interested in describing the anthropogenic influence on extreme weather events, commonly termed "event attribution." Limitations in the observational record and in…

Understanding seasonal climatic conditions is critical for better management of resources such as water, energy and agriculture. Recently, there has been a great interest in utilizing the power of artificial intelligence methods in climate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Alper Unal , Busra Asan , Ismail Sezen , Bugra Yesilkaynak , Yusuf Aydin , Mehmet Ilicak , Gozde Unal

Quantifying uncertainty in weather forecasts is critical, especially for predicting extreme weather events. This is typically accomplished with ensemble prediction systems, which consist of many perturbed numerical weather simulations, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Peter Grönquist , Chengyuan Yao , Tal Ben-Nun , Nikoli Dryden , Peter Dueben , Shigang Li , Torsten Hoefler

AI-based weather and climate models are emerging as accurate and computationally efficient tools. Beyond weather forecasting, they also show promise to accelerate storyline analyses. We evaluate NeuralGCM's ability to simulate an extreme…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-06-12 Shiheng Duan , Jishi Zhang , Céline Bonfils , Giuliana Pallotta

Anthropogenic influences have been linked to tropical cyclone (TC) poleward migration, TC extreme precipitation, and an increased proportion of major hurricanes [1, 2, 3, 4]. Understanding past TC trends and variability is critical for…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-02-02 Buo-Fu Chen , Boyo Chen , Chun-Min Hsiao , Hsu-Feng Teng , Cheng-Shang Lee , Hung-Chi Kuo

When performing predictions that use Machine Learning (ML), we are mainly interested in performance and interpretability. This generates a natural trade-off, where complex models generally have higher skills but are harder to explain and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Alessandro Lovo , Amaury Lancelin , Corentin Herbert , Freddy Bouchet

Recent advancements in deep learning have led to the development of Foundation Models (FMs) for weather forecasting, yet their ability to predict extreme weather events remains limited. Existing approaches either focus on general weather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Hang Ni , Weijia Zhang , Hao Liu

Climate extremes present escalating risks to agriculture intensifying the need for reliable multi-hazard early warning systems (EWS). The situation is evolving due to climate change and hence such systems should have the intelligent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Boyuan Zheng , Victor W. Chu

Accurate subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction of extreme events is critical for resource planning and disaster mitigation under accelerating climate change. However, such predictions remain challenging due to complex multi-sphere…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Bin Mu , Yuxuan Chen , Shijin Yuan , Bo Qin , Hao Guo

The application of large deep learning models in weather forecasting has led to significant advancements in the field, including higher-resolution forecasting and extended prediction periods exemplified by models such as Pangu and Fuxi.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Nian Ran , Peng Xiao , Yue Wang , Wesley Shi , Jianxin Lin , Qi Meng , Richard Allmendinger

Among the most relevant processes in the Earth system for human habitability are quasi-periodic, ocean-driven multi-year events whose dynamics are currently incompletely characterized by physical models, and hence poorly predictable. This…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-09 Matthew Bonas , Christopher K. Wikle , Stefano Castruccio

The literature shows outstanding capabilities for CNNs in event recognition in images. However, fewer attempts are made to analyze the potential causes behind the decisions of the models and exploring whether the predictions are based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Imran Khan , Kashif Ahmad , Namra Gul , Talhat Khan , Nasir Ahmad , Ala Al-Fuqaha

AI weather foundation models now achieve forecast skill comparable to numerical weather prediction at far lower computational cost, yet their predictability for high-impact extremes across dynamical regimes remains uncertain. We evaluate…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Qin Huang , Moyan Liu , Yeongbin Kwon , Upmanu Lall

Blocking events are an important cause of extreme weather, especially long-lasting blocking events that trap weather systems in place. The duration of blocking events is, however, underestimated in climate models. Explainable Artificial…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Huan Zhang , Justin Finkel , Dorian S. Abbot , Edwin P. Gerber , Jonathan Weare

The Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) simulates complex interactions between the coupled Earth and human systems, providing valuable insights into the co-evolution of land, water, and energy sectors under different future scenarios.…

Climate change exacerbates extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and flooding. As these events cause severe socioeconomic damage, accurate high-resolution simulation of precipitation is imperative. However, existing Earth System Models…

Geophysics · Physics 2026-02-03 Michael Aich , Philipp Hess , Baoxiang Pan , Sebastian Bathiany , Yu Huang , Niklas Boers

Ice storms are extreme weather events that can have devastating implications for the sustainability of natural ecosystems as well as man made infrastructure. Ice storms are caused by a complex mix of atmospheric conditions and are among the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2018-05-15 Ranjini Swaminathan , Mohan Sridharan , Katharine Hayhoe

Computing the return times of extreme events and assessing the impact of climate change on such return times is fundamental to extreme event attribution studies. However, the rarity of such events in the observational record makes this task…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Clément Le Priol , Joy M. Monteiro , Freddy Bouchet

We present a significantly-improved data-driven global weather forecasting framework using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to forecast several basic atmospheric variables on a global grid. New developments in this framework…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2020-10-14 Jonathan A. Weyn , Dale R. Durran , Rich Caruana