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Hallucination is a key roadblock for applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly for enterprise applications that are sensitive to information accuracy. To address this issue, two general approaches have been explored:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xinxi Chen , Li Wang , Wei Wu , Qi Tang , Yiyao Liu

Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful behavior. While existing studies predominantly focus on attack methods that require technical expertise, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yik Siu Chan , Narutatsu Ri , Yuxin Xiao , Marzyeh Ghassemi

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about manipulative or deceptive behaviors that can undermine user autonomy, trust, and well-being. Existing safety benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sadia Asif , Israel Antonio Rosales Laguan , Haris Khan , Shumaila Asif , Muneeb Asif

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used in various applications, making it crucial to align their ethical standards with human values. However, recent jail-breaking methods demonstrate that this alignment can be undermined using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Zhuo Zhang , Guangyu Shen , Guanhong Tao , Siyuan Cheng , Xiangyu Zhang

Recent research has explored distilling knowledge from large language models (LLMs) to optimize retriever models, especially within the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework. However, most existing training methods rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zizhong Li , Haopeng Zhang , Jiawei Zhang

Efforts to ensure the safety of large language models (LLMs) include safety fine-tuning, evaluation, and red teaming. However, despite the widespread use of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework, AI safety work focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Bang An , Shiyue Zhang , Mark Dredze

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, reasoning, and generation. However, these systems remain susceptible to malicious prompts that induce unsafe or policy-violating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shayan Ali Hassan , Tao Ni , Zafar Ayyub Qazi , Marco Canini

This study evaluates the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an Artificial Intelligence-based tutor for a university course. In particular, different advanced techniques are utilized, such as prompt engineering,…

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with knowledge intensive NLP tasks, such as answering "Who won the latest World Cup?" because the knowledge they learn during training may be insufficient or outdated. Conditioning generation on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Matthew Finlayson , Ilia Kulikov , Daniel M. Bikel , Barlas Oguz , Xilun Chen , Aasish Pappu

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks often leads to catastrophic forgetting, notably degrading the safety of originally aligned models. While some existing methods attempt to restore safety by incorporating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Hua Farn , Hsuan Su , Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Shang-Tse Chen , Hung-yi Lee

System Instructions in Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used to enforce safety policies, define agent behavior, and protect sensitive operational context in agentic AI applications. These instructions may contain sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anubhab Sahu , Diptisha Samanta , Reza Soosahabi

The trend towards large language models (LLMs) for guardrailing against undesired behaviors is increasing and has shown promise for censoring user inputs. However, increased latency, memory consumption, hosting expenses and non-structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 James O' Neill , Santhosh Subramanian , Eric Lin , Vaikkunth Mugunthan

Ensuring the safety and alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is crucial for generating responses that are beneficial to humanity. While LLMs have the capability to identify and avoid harmful queries, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yihua Zhou , Xiaochuan Shi

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) show impressive results in numerous practical applications, but they lack essential safety features that are common in other areas of computer science, particularly an explicit separation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Egor Zverev , Sahar Abdelnabi , Soroush Tabesh , Mario Fritz , Christoph H. Lampert

Large Language Models (LLMs) generating unsafe responses to toxic prompts is a significant issue in their applications. While various efforts aim to address this safety concern, previous approaches often demand substantial human data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yuxiao Lu , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

Large language models (LLMs) often require vast amounts of text to effectively acquire new knowledge. While continuing pre-training on large corpora or employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has proven successful, updating an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hugo Abonizio , Thales Almeida , Roberto Lotufo , Rodrigo Nogueira

Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Despite their strong performance, large language models (LLMs) face challenges in real-world application of lexical simplification (LS), particularly in privacy-sensitive and resource-constrained environments. Moreover, since vulnerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Akio Hayakawa , Stefan Bott , Horacio Saggion

Ensuring the safe alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is critical as they become integral to applications like translation and question answering. Current alignment methods struggle with dynamic user intentions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rima Hazra , Sayan Layek , Somnath Banerjee , Soujanya Poria