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Safety for Large Language Models (LLMs) has been an ongoing research focus since their emergence and is even more relevant nowadays with the increasing capacity of those models. Currently, there are several guardrails in place for all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Eduard Stefan Dinuta , Iustin Sirbu , Traian Rebedea

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a popular tool as they have significantly advanced in their capability to tackle a wide range of language-based tasks. However, LLMs applications are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Abdur Rahman , Fan Wu , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed

Deploying large language models (LLMs) is challenging because they are memory inefficient and compute-intensive for practical applications. In reaction, researchers train smaller task-specific models by either finetuning with human labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Cheng-Yu Hsieh , Chun-Liang Li , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Hootan Nakhost , Yasuhisa Fujii , Alexander Ratner , Ranjay Krishna , Chen-Yu Lee , Tomas Pfister

The emerging capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked concerns about their immediate potential for harmful misuse. The core approach to mitigate these concerns is the detection of harmful queries to the model. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Sahil Verma , Keegan Hines , Jeff Bilmes , Charlotte Siska , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hila Gonen , Chandan Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically aligned for safety during the post-training phase; however, they may still generate inappropriate outputs that could potentially pose risks to users. This challenge underscores the need for robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Youngwan Lim , Joseph Liu , Alex Yang , Varun Notibala , Nishchaie Khanna

Large language model (LLM) safety classifiers such as Llama Guard are effective at detecting overtly harmful prompts but remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks that disguise malicious intent through role-play scenarios,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lixing Lin , Juli You , Yue Li , Luyun Lin , Yiqing Wang , Zhen Zhang , Moxuan Zheng

Alignment in large language models (LLMs) is used to enforce guidelines such as safety. Yet, alignment fails in the face of jailbreak attacks that modify inputs to induce unsafe outputs. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jean-Charles Noirot Ferrand , Yohan Beugin , Eric Pauley , Ryan Sheatsley , Patrick McDaniel

Large language models (LLMs) are equipped with safety mechanisms to detect and block harmful queries, yet current alignment approaches primarily focus on overtly dangerous content and overlook more subtle threats. However, users can often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Shenzhe Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, yet their deployment is frequently undermined by undesirable behaviors such as generating harmful content, factual inaccuracies, and societal biases. Diagnosing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Zhe Li , Wei Zhao , Yige Li , Jun Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in processing and generating human language, powered by their ability to interpret and follow instructions. However, their capabilities can be exploited through prompt injection attacks. These attacks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Xiaogeng Liu , Zhiyuan Yu , Yizhe Zhang , Ning Zhang , Chaowei Xiao

Large language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable success in natural language generation but lesser focus has been given to their applicability in decision making tasks such as classification. We show that LLMs like LLaMa can achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Vikas Yadav , Zheng Tang , Vijay Srinivasan

As cyber threats continue to grow in complexity, traditional security mechanisms struggle to keep up. Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential in cybersecurity due to their advanced capabilities in text processing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Tiago Dinis , Miguel Correia , Roger Tavares

The robustness of large language models (LLMs) becomes increasingly important as their use rapidly grows in a wide range of domains. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is considered as a means to improve the trustworthiness of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zhibo Hu , Chen Wang , Yanfeng Shu , Helen , Paik , Liming Zhu

Numerous works are proposed to align large language models (LLMs) with human intents to better fulfill instructions, ensuring they are trustful and helpful. Nevertheless, some human instructions are often malicious or misleading and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Rui Wang , Hongru Wang , Fei Mi , Yi Chen , Boyang Xue , Kam-Fai Wong , Ruifeng Xu

Though safety alignment has been applied to most large language models (LLMs), LLM service providers generally deploy a subsequent moderation as the external safety guardrail in real-world products. Existing moderators mainly practice a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yang Li , Qiang Sheng , Yehan Yang , Xueyao Zhang , Juan Cao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in Computer Science (CS) classrooms to automate code generation, feedback, and assessment. However, their susceptibility to adversarial or ill-intentioned prompts threatens student…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nishat Raihan , Noah Erdachew , Jayoti Devi , Joanna C. S. Santos , Marcos Zampieri

With the rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs), new and hard-to-predict harmful capabilities are emerging. This requires developers to be able to identify risks through the evaluation of "dangerous capabilities" in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Yuxia Wang , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Large language models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous, thus it is important to understand their risks and limitations. Smaller LLMs can be deployed where compute resources are constrained, such as edge devices, but with different propensity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Berk Atil , Vipul Gupta , Sarkar Snigdha Sarathi Das , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across various tasks, but their security vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers to generate harmful content, causing adverse impacts across various societal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Fan Yang

Due to limited supervised training data, large language models (LLMs) are typically pre-trained via a self-supervised "predict the next word" objective on a vast amount of unstructured text data. To make the resulting model useful to users,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ajay Patel , Colin Raffel , Chris Callison-Burch