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Knowledge plays a critical role in artificial intelligence. Recently, the extensive success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has raised significant attention about how knowledge can be acquired, maintained, updated and used by language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Boxi Cao , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Training data memorization in NLP can both be beneficial (e.g., closed-book QA) and undesirable (personal data extraction). In any case, successful model training requires a non-trivial amount of memorization to store word spellings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Eugene Kharitonov , Marco Baroni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Reasoning is an integral part of many tasks performed by language models (LMs). However, the effects of scaling model sizes and data on reasoning abilities at pretraining time remain understudied. To rigorously investigate this problem, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xinyi Wang , Shawn Tan , Shenbo Xu , Mingyu Jin , William Yang Wang , Rameswar Panda , Yikang Shen

Humans continually expand their learned knowledge to new domains and learn new concepts without any interference with past learned experiences. In contrast, machine learning models perform poorly in a continual learning setting, where input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Mohammad Rostami , Aram Galstyan

Long-term training of large language models (LLMs) requires maintaining stable exploration to prevent the model from collapsing into sub-optimal behaviors. Entropy is crucial in this context, as it controls exploration and helps avoid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Kai Yang , Xin Xu , Yangkun Chen , Weijie Liu , Jiafei Lyu , Zichuan Lin , Deheng Ye , Saiyong Yang

Concept bottleneck models map from raw inputs to concepts, and then from concepts to targets. Such models aim to incorporate pre-specified, high-level concepts into the learning procedure, and have been motivated to meet three desiderata:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Andrei Margeloiu , Matthew Ashman , Umang Bhatt , Yanzhi Chen , Mateja Jamnik , Adrian Weller

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of knowledge during pre-training (parametric knowledge, or PK) and can further be enhanced by incorporating contextual knowledge (CK). Can LLMs effectively integrate their internal PK with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sitao Cheng , Liangming Pan , Xunjian Yin , Xinyi Wang , William Yang Wang

Pretrained language models (PLMs) are today the primary model for natural language processing. Despite their impressive downstream performance, it can be difficult to apply PLMs to new languages, a barrier to making their capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Yihong Chen , Kelly Marchisio , Roberta Raileanu , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Riedel , Mikel Artetxe

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved exceptional capabilities in open generation across various domains, yet they encounter difficulties with tasks that require intensive knowledge. To address these challenges, methods for integrating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Fali Wang , Runxue Bao , Suhang Wang , Wenchao Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haifeng Chen

Although pre-training models have achieved great success in dialogue generation, their performance drops dramatically when the input contains an entity that does not appear in pre-training and fine-tuning datasets (unseen entity). To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Leyang Cui , Yu Wu , Shujie Liu , Yue Zhang

Deep learning models generally display catastrophic forgetting when learning new data continuously. Many incremental learning approaches address this problem by reusing data from previous tasks while learning new tasks. However, the direct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Young Jo Choi , Min Kyoon Yoo , Yu Rang Park

Modern approaches to enhancing Large Language Models' factual accuracy and knowledge utilization face a fundamental trade-off: non-parametric retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides flexible access to external knowledge but suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rubin Wei , Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Jushi Kai , Qipeng Guo , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at extracting common patterns from large-scale corpora, yet they struggle with rare, low-resource, or previously unseen scenarios-such as niche hardware deployment issues or irregular IoT device…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Hong Su

Multilingual machine translation systems aim to make knowledge accessible across languages, yet learning effective cross-lingual representations remains challenging. These challenges are especially pronounced for low-resource languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 David Stap

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in real-world settings increasingly face the need to unlearn sensitive, outdated, or proprietary information. Existing unlearning methods typically formulate forgetting and retention as a regularized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taha Entesari , Arman Hatami , Rinat Khaziev , Anil Ramakrishna , Mahyar Fazlyab

With the power of large pretrained language models, various research works have integrated knowledge into dialogue systems. The traditional techniques treat knowledge as part of the input sequence for the dialogue system, prepending a set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Hsuan Su , Shachi H Kumar , Sahisnu Mazumder , Wenda Chen , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Eda Okur , Saurav Sahay , Lama Nachman , Shang-Tse Chen , Hung-yi Lee

In this work, we present the first systematic evaluation of catastrophic forgetting and modality inequivalence in speech large language models, showing that introducing speech capabilities can degrade knowledge and reasoning even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Enzhi Wang , Qicheng Li , Zhiyuan Tang , Yuhang Jia

Knowledge distillation is used, in generative language modeling, to train a smaller student model using the help of a larger teacher model, resulting in improved capabilities for the student model. In this paper, we formulate a more general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Guanlin Liu , Anand Ramachandran , Tanmay Gangwani , Yan Fu , Abhinav Sethy

In this work we investigate knowledge acquisition as performed by multiple agents interacting as they infer, under the presence of observation errors, respective models of a complex system. We focus the specific case in which, at each time…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-05-29 J. B. Batista , L. da F. Costa

Compute scaling for language model (LM) pretraining has outpaced the growth of human-written texts, leading to concerns that data will become the bottleneck to LM scaling. To continue scaling pretraining in this data-constrained regime, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yangjun Ruan , Neil Band , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto