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Estimating causal effects from observational data is not always possible due to confounding. Identifying a set of appropriate covariates (adjustment set) and adjusting for their influence can remove confounding bias; however, such a set is…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-19 Sofia Triantafillou , Gregory Cooper

A common concern when a policymaker draws causal inferences from and makes decisions based on observational data is that the measured covariates are insufficiently rich to account for all sources of confounding, i.e., the standard no…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-25 Tao Shen , Yifan Cui

This paper concerns the assessment of the effects of actions from a combination of nonexperimental data and causal assumptions encoded in the form of a directed acyclic graph in which some variables are presumed to be unobserved. We provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Jin Tian

We study experiment design for unique identification of the causal graph of a simple SCM, where the graph may contain cycles. The presence of cycles in the structure introduces major challenges for experiment design as, unlike acyclic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Ehsan Mokhtarian , Saber Salehkaleybar , AmirEmad Ghassami , Negar Kiyavash

In this paper, we analyze the applicability of the Causal Identification algorithm to causal time series graphs with latent confounders. Since these graphs extend over infinitely many time steps, deciding whether causal effects across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Erik Jahn , Karthik Karnik , Leonard J. Schulman

We develop graph-based methods for semi-supervised learning based on label propagation on a data similarity graph. When data is abundant or arrive in a stream, the problems of computation and data storage arise for any graph-based method.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Michal Valko

We consider the problem of learning a causal graph over a set of variables with interventions. We study the cost-optimal causal graph learning problem: For a given skeleton (undirected version of the causal graph), design the set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Murat Kocaoglu , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Sriram Vishwanath

The sequential treatment decisions made by physicians to treat chronic diseases are formalized in the statistical literature as dynamic treatment regimes. To date, methods for dynamic treatment regimes have been developed under the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-22 Janie Coulombe , Erica E. M. Moodie , Susan M. Shortreed , Christel Renoux

We consider the problem of learning causal networks with interventions, when each intervention is limited in size under Pearl's Structural Equation Model with independent errors (SEM-IE). The objective is to minimize the number of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Murat Kocaoglu , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Sriram Vishwanath

Perfect adaptation in a dynamical system is the phenomenon that one or more variables have an initial transient response to a persistent change in an external stimulus but revert to their original value as the system converges to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Tineke Blom , Joris M. Mooij

Test-time adaptation aims to improve model robustness under distribution shifts by adapting models with access to unlabeled target samples. A primary cause of performance degradation under such shifts is the model's reliance on features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yingnan Liu , Rui Qiao , Mong Li Lee , Wynne Hsu

In this article, we consider identification, estimation, and inference procedures for treatment effect parameters using Difference-in-Differences (DiD) with (i) multiple time periods, (ii) variation in treatment timing, and (iii) when the…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-12-02 Brantly Callaway , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna

Graphical causal models are an important tool for knowledge discovery because they can represent both the causal relations between variables and the multivariate probability distributions over the data. Once learned, causal graphs can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-11 Andrew J Sedgewick , Joseph D. Ramsey , Peter Spirtes , Clark Glymour , Panayiotis V. Benos

The price elasticity of demand can be estimated from observational data using instrumental variables (IV). However, naive IV estimators may be inconsistent in settings with autocorrelated time series. We argue that causal time graphs can…

Interfractional geometric uncertainties can lead to deviations of the actual delivered dose from the prescribed dose distribution. To better handle these uncertainties during treatment, the authors propose a dynamic framework for robust…

Medical Physics · Physics 2019-05-16 Michelle Böck , Kjell Eriksson , Anders Forsgren

Identifying variables responsible for changes to a biological system enables applications in drug target discovery and cell engineering. Given a pair of observational and interventional datasets, the goal is to isolate the subset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Menghua Wu , Umesh Padia , Sean H. Murphy , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

This paper considers how to classify the effects of interventions in causal models for outcomes and exposures observed over time. First, we demonstrate the limitations of the most common uses of potential outcomes and causal directed…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Russell Steele , Naftali Weinberger , Tess Baker , Ian Shrier

In the regime of change-point detection, a nonparametric framework based on scan statistics utilizing graphs representing similarities among observations is gaining attention due to its flexibility and good performances for high-dimensional…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-16 Hoseung Song , Hao Chen

In order to achieve unbiased and efficient estimators of causal effects from observational data, covariate selection for confounding adjustment becomes an important task in causal inference. Despite recent advancements in graphical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-29 Hongyi Chen , Maurits Kaptein

Multivariate time series (MTS) data such as time course gene expression data in genomics are often collected to study the dynamic nature of the systems. These data provide important information about the causal dependency among a set of…

Applications · Statistics 2013-12-03 Wanlu Deng , Zhi Geng , Hongzhe Li