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Accurately evaluating machine-translated text remains a long-standing challenge, particularly for long documents. Recent work has shown that large language models (LLMs) can serve as reliable and interpretable sentence-level translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tobias Domhan , Dawei Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved top results in recent machine translation evaluations, but they are also known to be sensitive to errors and perturbations in their prompts. We systematically evaluate how both humanly plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Patrícia Schmidtová , Niyati Bafna , Seth Aycock , Gianluca Vico , Wiktor Kamzela , Katharina Hämmerl , Vilém Zouhar

Machine-translated benchmarks are widely used to assess the multilingual capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet translation errors in these benchmarks remain underexplored, raising concerns about the reliability and comparability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Klaudia-Doris Thellmann , Bernhard Stadler , Michael Färber , Jens Lehmann

As Machine Translation (MT) becomes increasingly commonplace, understanding how the general public perceives and relies on imperfect MT is crucial for contextualizing MT research in real-world applications. We present a human study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yimin Xiao , Yongle Zhang , Dayeon Ki , Calvin Bao , Marianna J. Martindale , Charlotte Vaughn , Ge Gao , Marine Carpuat

The high-quality translation results produced by machine translation (MT) systems still pose a huge challenge for automatic evaluation. Current MT evaluation pays the same attention to each sentence component, while the questions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Runzhe Zhan , Xuebo Liu , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in machine translation, demonstrating impressive performance across diverse languages. However, translationese, characterized by overly literal and unnatural translations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yafu Li , Ronghao Zhang , Zhilin Wang , Huajian Zhang , Leyang Cui , Yongjing Yin , Tong Xiao , Yue Zhang

Reasoning-oriented large language models (RLMs) achieve strong gains on tasks such as mathematics and coding by generating explicit intermediate reasoning. However, their impact on machine translation (MT) remains underexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Sara Rajaee , Sebastian Vincent , Alexandre Berard , Marzieh Fadaee , Kelly Marchisio , Tom Kocmi

Neural machine translation (MT) models achieve strong results across a variety of settings, but it is widely believed that they are highly sensitive to "noisy" inputs, such as spelling errors, abbreviations, and other formatting issues. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ben Peters , André F. T. Martins

With the rapid development of deep learning technologies, the field of machine translation has witnessed significant progress, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) that have greatly propelled the advancement of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jiaxin GUO , Xiaoyu Chen , Zhiqiang Rao , Jinlong Yang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Daimeng Wei , Hao Yang

The recent shift from dedicated NMT systems to general-purpose LLMs has reshaped machine translation, with LLMs reported to produce more fluent, less literal output than their predecessors. We test whether this shift extends to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Malik Marmonier , Rachel Bawden , Benoît Sagot

Behavioral testing in NLP allows fine-grained evaluation of systems by examining their linguistic capabilities through the analysis of input-output behavior. Unfortunately, existing work on behavioral testing in Machine Translation (MT) is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Javier Ferrando , Matthias Sperber , Hendra Setiawan , Dominic Telaar , Saša Hasan

Vertical text input is commonly encountered in various real-world applications, such as mathematical computations and word-based Sudoku puzzles. While current large language models (LLMs) have excelled in natural language tasks, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang , Bryan Hooi , Yujun Cai , Zhen Xiong , Nanyun Peng , Kai-wei Chang

Verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs) remain difficult for machine translation because their meanings are often not recoverable from their component words. In this study, we analyze the impact of three VMWE categories -- verbal idioms,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Linfeng Liu , Saptarshi Ghosh , Tianyu Jiang

This paper investigates the influence of cognitive biases on Large Language Models (LLMs) outputs. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation and availability biases, can distort user inputs through prompts, potentially leading to unfaithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yan Sun , Stanley Kok

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evaluate information retrieval (IR) systems, generating relevance judgments traditionally made by human assessors. Recent empirical studies suggest that LLM-based evaluations often align…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Laura Dietz , Oleg Zendel , Peter Bailey , Charles Clarke , Ellese Cotterill , Jeff Dalton , Faegheh Hasibi , Mark Sanderson , Nick Craswell

Imposing constraints on machine translation systems presents a challenging issue because these systems are not trained to make use of constraints in generating adequate, fluent translations. In this paper, we leverage the capabilities of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Pengcheng Huang , Yongyu Mu , Yuzhang Wu , Bei Li , Chunyang Xiao , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

This paper explores the impact of extending input lengths on the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite LLMs advancements in recent times, their performance consistency across different input lengths is not well understood.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Mosh Levy , Alon Jacoby , Yoav Goldberg

The term translationese has been used to describe the presence of unusual features of translated text. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the adverse effects of translationese on machine translation evaluation results. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Yvette Graham , Barry Haddow , Philipp Koehn

Due to the implement of guardrails by developers, Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in explicit bias tests. However, bias in LLMs may occur not only explicitly, but also implicitly, much like humans who…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinru Lin , Luyang Li

Human-translated text displays distinct features from naturally written text in the same language. This phenomena, known as translationese, has been argued to confound the machine translation (MT) evaluation. Yet, we find that existing work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Jingwei Ni , Zhijing Jin , Markus Freitag , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf
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