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Counterspeech is a key strategy against harmful online content, but scaling expert-driven efforts is challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a potential solution, though their use in countering conspiracy theories is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Mareike Lisker , Christina Gottschalk , Helena Mihaljević

Hate speech is one of the main threats posed by the widespread use of social networks, despite efforts to limit it. Although attention has been devoted to this issue, the lack of datasets and case studies centered around scarcely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Camilla Casula , Sara Tonelli

Hate speech detection is a critical problem in social media platforms, being often accused for enabling the spread of hatred and igniting physical violence. Hate speech detection requires overwhelming resources including high-performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Despite growing interest in automated hate speech detection, most existing approaches overlook the linguistic diversity of online content. Multilingual instruction-tuned large language models such as LLaMA, Aya, Qwen, and BloomZ offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Faeze Ghorbanpour , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Fraser

Hate speech is harmful content that directly attacks or promotes hatred against members of groups or individuals based on actual or perceived aspects of identity, such as racism, religion, or sexual orientation. This can affect social life…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Arijit Das , Somashree Nandy , Rupam Saha , Srijan Das , Diganta Saha

Recent research on large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to understand and employ deceptive behavior, even without explicit prompting. However, such behavior has only been observed in rare, specialized cases and has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Laurène Vaugrante , Francesca Carlon , Maluna Menke , Thilo Hagendorff

While large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been applied to hate speech detoxification, the prompts often trigger safety alerts, causing LLMs to refuse the task. In this study, we systematically investigate false refusal behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Kyuri Im , Shuzhou Yuan , Michael Färber

In this study, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to counteract hate speech. We conducted the first real-life A/B test assessing the effectiveness of LLM-generated counter-speech. During the experiment, we posted 753…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jakub Podolak , Szymon Łukasik , Paweł Balawender , Jan Ossowski , Jan Piotrowski , Katarzyna Bąkowicz , Piotr Sankowski

The rapid evolution of social media has provided enhanced communication channels for individuals to create online content, enabling them to express their thoughts and opinions. Multimodal memes, often utilized for playful or humorous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Hate speech is a severe issue that affects many online platforms. So far, several studies have been performed to develop robust hate speech detection systems. Large language models like ChatGPT have recently shown a great promise in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Mithun Das , Saurabh Kumar Pandey , Animesh Mukherjee

The spread of hate speech on social media space is currently a serious issue. The undemanding access to the enormous amount of information being generated on these platforms has led people to post and react with toxic content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Raviraj Joshi

Recently efforts have been made by social media platforms as well as researchers to detect hateful or toxic language using large language models. However, none of these works aim to use explanation, additional context and victim community…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sarthak Roy , Ashish Harshavardhan , Animesh Mukherjee , Punyajoy Saha

Detecting hateful content is a challenging and important problem. Automated tools, like machine-learning models, can help, but they require continuous training to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of social media. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jay Patel , Hrudayangam Mehta , Jeremy Blackburn

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on web-scale corpora inherently absorb toxic patterns from their training data. This leads to toxic degeneration where even innocuous prompts can trigger harmful outputs. This phenomenon poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mokshit Surana , Archit Rathod , Akshaj Satishkumar

Hate speech detection deals with many language variants, slang, slurs, expression modalities, and cultural nuances. This outlines the importance of working with specific corpora, when addressing hate speech within the scope of Natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Juan Manuel Pérez , Paula Miguel , Viviana Cotik

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

The prevalence of offensive content on the internet, encompassing hate speech and cyberbullying, is a pervasive issue worldwide. Consequently, it has garnered significant attention from the machine learning (ML) and natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Alphaeus Dmonte , Tejas Arya , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Marcos Zampieri

Computer-aided teacher training is a state-of-the-art method designed to enhance teachers' professional skills effectively while minimising concerns related to costs, time constraints, and geographical limitations. We investigate the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ewelina Gajewska , Michal Wawer , Katarzyna Budzynska , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Despite the widespread adoption, there is a lack of research into how various critical aspects of pretrained language models (PLMs) affect their performance in hate speech detection. Through five research questions, our findings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sarah Masud , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Vikram Goyal , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

The advent of social media has given rise to numerous ethical challenges, with hate speech among the most significant concerns. Researchers are attempting to tackle this problem by leveraging hate-speech detection and employing language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Pranath Reddy Kumbam , Sohaib Uddin Syed , Prashanth Thamminedi , Suhas Harish , Ian Perera , Bonnie J. Dorr