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Temporal logic is often used to describe temporal properties in AI applications. The most popular language for doing so is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recently, LTL on finite traces, LTLf, has been investigated in several contexts. In…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Shufang Zhu , Lucas M. Tabajara , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi

We present a method to find an optimal policy with respect to a reward function for a discounted Markov decision process under general linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. Previous work has either focused on maximizing a cumulative…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-24 Krishna C. Kalagarla , Rahul Jain , Pierluigi Nuzzo

Using LLMs not to predict plans but to formalize an environment into the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) has been shown to improve performance and control. While most existing methodology only applies to fully observable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Liancheng Gong , Wang Zhu , Jesse Thomason , Li Zhang

Large Language models (LLMs) have shown promise as generators of symbolic control policies, producing interpretable program-like representations through iterative search. However, these models are not capable of separating the functional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Carlo Bosio , Matteo Guarrera , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Mark W. Mueller

In multiagent systems autonomous agents interact with each other to achieve individual and collective goals. Typical interactions concern negotiation and agreement on resource exchanges. Modeling and formalizing these agreements pose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Lorenzo Ceragioli , Pierpaolo Degano , Letterio Galletta , Luca Viganò

Temporal logics have been studied as an approach to the specification of hyperproperties, resulting in the conception of "hyperlogics". With a few recent exceptions, the hyperlogics thus far developed can only relate different traces of a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Jens Oliver Gutsfeld , Arne Meier , Christoph Ohrem , Jonni Virtema

In many real-world applications of control system and robotics, linear temporal logic (LTL) is a widely-used task specification language which has a compositional grammar that naturally induces temporally extended behaviours across tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Duo Xu , Faramarz Fekri

We present a generative optimization approach for learning game-playing agents, where policies are represented as Python programs and refined using large language models (LLMs). Our method treats decision-making policies as self-evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhiyi Kuang , Ryan Rong , YuCheng Yuan , Allen Nie

This paper studies knowledge representation in multi-agent environment. We investigate technique for computation truth-values of statements based at a new temporal, agent's-knowledge logic TL. A logical language, mathematical symbolic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-06-23 Maybin Muyeba , Vladimir Rybakov

In this note we consider the problem of introducing variables in temporal logic programs under the formalism of "Temporal Equilibrium Logic" (TEL), an extension of Answer Set Programming (ASP) for dealing with linear-time modal operators.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-09-20 Felicidad Aguado , Pedro Cabalar , Martín Diéguez , Gilberto Pérez , Concepción Vidal

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are deployed in complex environments -- such as massive codebases, enterprise databases, and conversational histories -- where the relevant state far exceeds their context windows. To navigate these spaces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chinmaya Kausik , Adith Swaminathan , Nathan Kallus

We propose a variant of Alternating-time Temporal Logic (ATL) grounded in the agents' operational know-how, as defined by their libraries of abstract plans. Inspired by ATLES, a variant itself of ATL, it is possible in our logic to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Nitin Yadav , Sebastian Sardina

This paper studies the control synthesis of motion planning subject to uncertainties. The uncertainties are considered in robot motions and environment properties, giving rise to the probabilistic labeled Markov decision process (PL-MDP). A…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Mingyu Cai , Shaoping Xiao , Zhijun Li , Zhen Kan

Decision-making policies for agents are often synthesized with the constraint that a formal specification of behaviour is satisfied. Here we focus on infinite-horizon properties. On the one hand, Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a popular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Jan Křetínský

There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Rajarshi Roy , Yash Pote , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska

The control of dynamical systems under temporal logic specifications among uncontrollable dynamic agents is challenging due to the agents' a-priori unknown behavior. Existing works have considered the problem where either all agents are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-21 Xinyi Yu , Yiqi Zhao , Xiang Yin , Lars Lindemann

For deterministic and probabilistic programs we investigate the problem of program synthesis and program optimisation (with respect to non-functional properties) in the general setting of global optimisation. This approach is based on the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-07-22 Herbert Wiklicky

Multi-agent partially observable Markov decision processes (MPOMDPs) provide a framework to represent heterogeneous autonomous agents subject to uncertainty and partial observation. In this paper, given a nominal policy provided by a human…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-23 Mohamadreza Ahmadi , Andrew Singletary , Joel W. Burdick , Aaron D. Ames

Recently, the Manna-Pnueli Hierarchy has been used to define the temporal logics LTLfp and PPLTLp, which allow to use finite-trace LTLf/PPLTL techniques in infinite-trace settings while achieving the expressiveness of full LTL. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Daniel Hausmann , Shufang Zhu , Gianmarco Parretti , Christoph Weinhuber , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Nir Piterman

We consider the problem of decomposing a global task assigned to a multi-agent system, expressed as a formula within a fragment of Signal Temporal Logic (STL), under range-limited communication. Given a global task expressed as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-19 Gregorio Marchesini , Siyuan Liu , Lars Lindemann , Dimos V. Dimarogonas