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The $k$-means algorithm is often used in clustering applications but its usage requires a complete data matrix. Missing data, however, is common in many applications. Mainstream approaches to clustering missing data reduce the missing data…

Computation · Statistics 2018-06-07 Jocelyn T. Chi , Eric C. Chi , Richard G. Baraniuk

The classical k-means clustering, based on distances computed from all data features, cannot be directly applied to incomplete data with missing values. A natural extension of k-means to missing data, namely k-POD, uses only the observed…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-17 Xin Guan , Yoshikazu Terada

The $k$-means algorithm is arguably the most popular nonparametric clustering method but cannot generally be applied to datasets with incomplete records. The usual practice then is to either impute missing values under an assumed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-11 Andrew Lithio , Ranjan Maitra

Cluster analysis methods seek to partition a data set into homogeneous subgroups. It is useful in a wide variety of applications, including document processing and modern genetics. Conventional clustering methods are unsupervised, meaning…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-11 Eric Bair

Clustering is one of the most fundamental and wide-spread techniques in exploratory data analysis. Yet, the basic approach to clustering has not really changed: a practitioner hand-picks a task-specific clustering loss to optimize and fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Yibo Jiang , Nakul Verma

Many clustering algorithms exist that estimate a cluster centroid, such as K-means, K-medoids or mean-shift, but no algorithm seems to exist that clusters data by returning exactly K meaningful modes. We propose a natural definition of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-04-25 Miguel Á. Carreira-Perpiñán , Weiran Wang

The $k$-means is one of the most important unsupervised learning techniques in statistics and computer science. The goal is to partition a data set into many clusters, such that observations within clusters are the most homogeneous and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-21 Tonglin Zhang

The k-means clustering algorithm is a popular algorithm that partitions data into k clusters. There are many improvements to accelerate the standard algorithm. Most current research employs upper and lower bounds on point-to-cluster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Andreas Lang , Erich Schubert

We define the notion of a well-clusterable data set combining the point of view of the objective of $k$-means clustering algorithm (minimising the centric spread of data elements) and common sense (clusters shall be separated by gaps). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Mieczysław A. Kłopotek

In longitudinal data analysis, observation points of repeated measurements over time often vary among subjects except in well-designed experimental studies. Additionally, measurements for each subject are typically obtained at only a few…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-14 Michio Yamamoto , Yoshikazu Terada

Reduced k-means clustering is a method for clustering objects in a low-dimensional subspace. The advantage of this method is that both clustering of objects and low-dimensional subspace reflecting the cluster structure are simultaneously…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-02-14 Yoshikazu Terada

A celebrated result of Pollard proves asymptotic consistency for $k$-means clustering when the population distribution has finite variance. In this work, we point out that the population-level $k$-means clustering problem is, in fact,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-09 Moïse Blanchard , Adam Quinn Jaffe , Nikita Zhivotovskiy

The classical $k$-means algorithm for partitioning $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $k$ clusters is one of the most popular and widely spread clustering methods. The need to respect prescribed lower bounds on the cluster sizes has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-04 Steffen Borgwardt , Andreas Brieden , Peter Gritzmann

The $k$-means algorithm (Lloyd's algorithm) is a widely used method for clustering unlabeled data. A key bottleneck of the $k$-means algorithm is that each iteration requires time linear in the number of data points, which can be expensive…

The widely applied k-means algorithm produces clusterings that violate our expectations with respect to high/low similarity/density and is in conflict with Kleinberg's axiomatic system for distance based clustering algorithms that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Mieczysław A. Kłopotek

K-means plays a vital role in data mining and is the simplest and most widely used algorithm under the Euclidean Minimum Sum-of-Squares Clustering (MSSC) model. However, its performance drastically drops when applied to vast amounts of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Rustam Mussabayev , Nenad Mladenovic , Bassem Jarboui , Ravil Mussabayev

We provide the first coreset for clustering points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ that have multiple missing values (coordinates). Previous coreset constructions only allow one missing coordinate. The challenge in this setting is that objective…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Vladimir Braverman , Shaofeng H. -C. Jiang , Robert Krauthgamer , Xuan Wu

We consider online $k$-means clustering where each new point is assigned to the nearest cluster center, after which the algorithm may update its centers. The loss incurred is the sum of squared distances from new points to their assigned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Robi Bhattacharjee , Jacob Imola , Michal Moshkovitz , Sanjoy Dasgupta

One key use of k-means clustering is to identify cluster prototypes which can serve as representative points for a dataset. However, a drawback of using k-means cluster centers as representative points is that such points distort the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-15 Arvind Krishna , Simon Mak , Roshan Joseph

In this paper, we propose a general model for plane-based clustering. The general model contains many existing plane-based clustering methods, e.g., k-plane clustering (kPC), proximal plane clustering (PPC), twin support vector clustering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Zhen Wang , Yuan-Hai Shao , Lan Bai , Chun-Na Li , Li-Ming Liu
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