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Information Bottleneck (IB) is widely used, but in deep learning, it is usually implemented through tractable surrogates, such as variational bounds or neural mutual information (MI) estimators, rather than directly controlling the MI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Shui Yu

The task of identifying multimodal image-text representations has garnered increasing attention, particularly with models such as CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining), which demonstrate exceptional performance in learning complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Zhiyu Zhu , Zhibo Jin , Jiayu Zhang , Nan Yang , Jiahao Huang , Jianlong Zhou , Fang Chen

Mitigating entity bias is a critical challenge in Relation Extraction (RE), where models often rely excessively on entities, resulting in poor generalization. This paper presents a novel approach to address this issue by adapting a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Samuel Mensah , Elena Kochkina , Jabez Magomere , Joy Prakash Sain , Simerjot Kaur , Charese Smiley

Learning with hidden variables is a central challenge in probabilistic graphical models that has important implications for many real-life problems. The classical approach is using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Gal Elidan , Nir Friedman

Extracting relevant information from data is crucial for all forms of learning. The information bottleneck (IB) method formalizes this, offering a mathematically precise and conceptually appealing framework for understanding learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Vudtiwat Ngampruetikorn , David J. Schwab

In this paper, we introduce the application of Information Bottleneck as a method to investigate properties of questionnaires developed for the study of motivational profiles based on self-determination theory. Founded on information…

Applications · Statistics 2018-06-06 Daniela M L Barbato , Jean-Jacques De Groote

Learned representations at the level of characters, sub-words, words and sentences, have each contributed to advances in understanding different NLP tasks and linguistic phenomena. However, learning textual embeddings is costly as they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Melika Behjati , Fabio Fehr , James Henderson

The Symmetric Information Bottleneck (SIB), an extension of the more familiar Information Bottleneck, is a dimensionality reduction technique that simultaneously compresses two random variables to preserve information between their…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-06 K. Michael Martini , Ilya Nemenman

Information bottleneck is an information-theoretic principle of representation learning that aims to learn a maximally compressed representation that preserves as much information about labels as possible. Under this principle, two…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Yuyan Ni , Yanyan Lan , Ao Liu , Zhiming Ma

Working with causal models at different levels of abstraction is an important feature of science. Existing work has already considered the problem of expressing formally the relation of abstraction between causal models. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Fabio Massimo Zennaro , Paolo Turrini , Theodoros Damoulas

The information bottleneck (IB) principle has been suggested as a way to analyze deep neural networks. The learning dynamics are studied by inspecting the mutual information (MI) between the hidden layers and the input and output. Notably,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Stephan Sloth Lorenzen , Christian Igel , Mads Nielsen

Estimating the causal effects of an intervention from high-dimensional observational data is difficult due to the presence of confounding. The task is often complicated by the fact that we may have a systematic missingness in our data at…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-02 Sonali Parbhoo , Mario Wieser , Aleksander Wieczorek , Volker Roth

In the past decade, deep neural networks have seen unparalleled improvements that continue to impact every aspect of today's society. With the development of high performance GPUs and the availability of vast amounts of data, learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Mohammad Ali Alomrani

We show that if the conditional distribution p(C | T) factors through a sufficient statistic {\phi}(T), then the Information Bottleneck (IB) problem for (T, C) is exactly equivalent to the IB problem for ({\phi}(T), C). The reduction is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Joss Armstrong

Causal inference is the process of using assumptions, study designs, and estimation strategies to draw conclusions about the causal relationships between variables based on data. This allows researchers to better understand the underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Anpeng Wu , Kun Kuang , Ruoxuan Xiong , Fei Wu

The information bottleneck (IB) method aims to find compressed representations of a variable $X$ that retain the most relevant information about a target variable $Y$. We show that for a wide family of distributions -- namely, when $Y$ is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Etam Benger , Shahab Asoodeh , Jun Chen

The study of causal abstractions bridges two integral components of human intelligence: the ability to determine cause and effect, and the ability to interpret complex patterns into abstract concepts. Formally, causal abstraction frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Kevin Xia , Elias Bareinboim

Concept-based models are an emerging paradigm in deep learning that constrains the inference process to operate through human-interpretable variables, facilitating explainability and human interaction. However, these architectures, on par…

In many applications, it is desirable to extract only the relevant aspects of data. A principled way to do this is the information bottleneck (IB) method, where one seeks a code that maximizes information about a 'relevance' variable, Y,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-27 Matthew Chalk , Olivier Marre , Gasper Tkacik

While large-scale pretrained language models have obtained impressive results when fine-tuned on a wide variety of tasks, they still often suffer from overfitting in low-resource scenarios. Since such models are general-purpose feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Rabeeh Karimi Mahabadi , Yonatan Belinkov , James Henderson