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The Key-Value (KV) cache reading latency increases significantly with context lengths, hindering the efficiency of long-context LLM inference. To address this, previous works propose retaining a small fraction of KV cache based on token…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Dongwei Wang , Zijie Liu , Song Wang , Yuxin Ren , Jianing Deng , Jingtong Hu , Tianlong Chen , Huanrui Yang

KV cache management is essential for efficient LLM inference. To maximize utilization, existing inference engines evict finished requests' KV cache if new requests are waiting. This policy breaks for agentic workloads, which interleave LLM…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hanchen Li , Runyuan He , Qiuyang Mang , Qizheng Zhang , Huanzhi Mao , Xiaokun Chen , Hangrui Zhou , Alvin Cheung , Joseph Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

The deployment of efficient long-context LLMs in applications like autonomous agents, long-chain reasoning, and creative writing is fundamentally bottlenecked by the linear growth of KV cache memory. Existing compression and eviction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jitai Hao , Qiang Huang , Yaowei Wang , Min Zhang , Jun Yu

Large language models (LLMs) face growing challenges in efficient generative inference due to the increasing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) caches, especially for long sequences. Existing eviction methods typically retain KV pairs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yongqi An , Chang Lu , Kuan Zhu , Tao Yu , Chaoyang Zhao , Hong Wu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Across large language model (LLM) applications, we observe an emerging trend for reusing KV caches to save the prefill delays of processing repeated input texts in different LLM inputs. This has led to a broad design space, including…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Hanchen Li , Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, their extensive memory requirements, particularly due to KV cache growth during long-text understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Haoqi Yang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

Multi-agent large language model (LLM) systems are increasingly adopted for complex language processing tasks that require communication and coordination among agents. However, these systems often suffer substantial overhead from repeated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hancheng Ye , Zhengqi Gao , Mingyuan Ma , Qinsi Wang , Yuzhe Fu , Ming-Yu Chung , Yueqian Lin , Zhijian Liu , Jianyi Zhang , Danyang Zhuo , Yiran Chen

Distributing LLM inference across geographical regions can improve Time-to-First-Token (TTFT) by regionalizing service deployments. While existing multi-region load balancers save prefill computation by prioritizing Key--Value (KV) Cache…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Alessio Ricci Toniolo , Abinaya Dinesh , Rome Thorstenson

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have set new benchmarks in speech processing, yet their deployment is hindered by the memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache during long-context inference. While general KV cache compression…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yuxuan Wang , Peize He , Xiyan Gui , Xiaoqian Liu , Junhao He , Xuyang Liu , Zichen Wen , Xuming Hu , Linfeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications requiring long context lengths, but the key-value (KV) cache often becomes a memory bottleneck on GPUs as context grows. To address this, we propose Commutative Vector…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across diverse tasks, but their inference with long input contexts is bottlenecked by memory size and bandwidth. The Key-Value (KV) cache size grows linearly with sequence length…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Junkai Zhang , Hang Guo , Luca Benini , Yawei Li

Large Language Model (LLM) inference, where a trained model generates text one word at a time in response to user prompts, is a computationally intensive process requiring efficient scheduling to optimize latency and resource utilization. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Patrick Jaillet , Jiashuo Jiang , Konstantina Mellou , Marco Molinaro , Chara Podimata , Zijie Zhou

Training and serving long-context large language models (LLMs) incurs substantial overhead. To address this, two critical steps are often required: a pretrained LLM typically undergoes a separate stage for context length extension by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Suyu Ge , Xihui Lin , Yunan Zhang , Jiawei Han , Hao Peng

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) present a promising alternative to dominant autoregressive models (ARMs) by the ability of parallel decoding at the expense of substantial computation and memory costs. Specifically, the cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianuo Huang , Yaojie Zhang , Yicun Yang , Benhao Huang , Biqing Qi , Dongrui Liu , Linfeng Zhang

Inference for Large Language Models (LLMs) is computationally demanding. To reduce the cost of auto-regressive decoding, Key-Value (KV) cache is used to store intermediate activations, which significantly lowers the computational overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaoyi Jiang , Lei Gao , Hossein Entezari Zarch , Murali Annavaram

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer inference-time memory bottlenecks dominated by the attention Key-Value (KV) cache, which scales with model size and context length. While KV-cache quantization alleviates this cost, bit allocation between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Alan Luo , Weicong Chen , Shaochen Zhong , Tianyi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Xia Hu , Xiaotian Han , Vipin Chaudhary

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CVRPTW) is a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem widely applied in logistics distribution and transportation management. Its complexity stems from the constraints of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Linjiang Cao , Maonan Wang , Xi Xiong

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse applications. However, their computational overhead during deployment remains a critical bottleneck. While Key-Value (KV) caching effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Insu Han , Zeliang Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Yifan Zhu , Susan Liang , Jiani Liu , Haiting Lin , Mingjie Zhao , Chenliang Xu , Kun Wan , Wentian Zhao

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yijun Liu , Yixuan Wang , Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che