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Smart contracts concentrate high value assets and complex logic in small, immutable programs, where even minor bugs can cause major losses. Existing taxonomies and tools remain fragmented, organized around symptoms such as reentrancy rather…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Parsa Hedayatnia , Tina Tavakkoli , Hadi Amini , Mohammad Allahbakhsh , Haleh Amintoosi

Smart contracts are immutable, verifiable, and autonomous pieces of code that can be deployed and ran on blockchain networks like Ethereum. Due to the immutability nature of blockchain, no change is possible on a deployed smart contract or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Erfan Andesta , Fathiyeh Faghih , Mahdi Fooladgar

Smart contracts are fundamental components of blockchain ecosystems; however, their security remains a critical concern due to inherent vulnerabilities. While existing detection methodologies are predominantly syntax-oriented, targeting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Ali Fattahdizaji , Mohammad Pishdar , Zarina Shukur

Ethereum smart contracts operate in a concurrent environment where multiple transactions can be submitted simultaneously. However, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) enforces sequential execution of transactions within each block to prevent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Atefeh Zareh Chahoki , Marco Roveri

Symbolic analysis of security exploits in smart contracts has demonstrated to be valuable for analyzing predefined vulnerability properties. While some symbolic tools perform complex analysis steps, they require a predetermined invocation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Wesley Joon-Wie Tann , Xing Jie Han , Sourav Sen Gupta , Yew-Soon Ong

As decentralized applications (DApps) proliferate, the increased complexity and usage of smart contracts have heightened their susceptibility to security incidents and financial losses. Although various vulnerability detection tools have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , Zhiyuan Fang , Xingwei Lin , Yutian Tang , Zibin Zheng

This paper presents VulnSense framework, a comprehensive approach to efficiently detect vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts using a multimodal learning approach on graph-based and natural language processing (NLP) models. Our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Phan The Duy , Nghi Hoang Khoa , Nguyen Huu Quyen , Le Cong Trinh , Vu Trung Kien , Trinh Minh Hoang , Van-Hau Pham

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Norah M. Alshahrani , M. L. Mat Kiah , B. B. Zaidan , A. H. Alamoodi , Abdu Saif

Context: Smart contract vulnerabilities pose significant security risks for the Ethereum ecosystem, driving the development of automated tools for detection and mitigation. Smart contracts are written in Solidity, a programming language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Gerardo Iuliano , Davide Corradini , Michele Pasqua , Mariano Ceccato , Dario Di Nucci

The introduction of smart contract functionality marks the advent of the blockchain 2.0 era, enabling blockchain technology to support digital currency transactions and complex distributed applications. However, many smart contracts have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

Blockchain technology (BT) Ethereum Smart Contracts allows programmable transactions that involve the transfer of monetary assets among peers on a BT network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

The industrial market continuously needs reliable solutions to secure autonomous systems. Especially as these systems become more complex and interconnected, reliable security solutions are becoming increasingly important. One promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Önder Gürcan

Smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms are vulnerable to various security vulnerabilities. However, only a small number of Ethereum contracts have released their source code, so vulnerability detection at the bytecode level is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiuyang Bu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li , Zeng Zhang , Xiaoqi Li

In recent years, smart contracts have suffered major exploits, costing millions of dollars. Unlike traditional programs, smart contracts are deployed on a blockchain. As such, they cannot be modified once deployed. Though various tools have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Christof Ferreira Torres , Mathis Baden , Robert Norvill , Beltran Borja Fiz Pontiveros , Hugo Jonker , Sjouke Mauw

In the case of upgrading smart contracts on blockchain systems, it is essential to consider the continuity of upgrades and subsequent maintenance. In practice, upgrade operations often introduce new vulnerabilities. Existing static analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaoqi Li , Lei Xie , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

The increased adoption of smart contracts in many industries has made them an attractive target for cybercriminals, leading to millions of dollars in losses. Thus, deploying smart contracts with detected vulnerabilities (known to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Pengcheng , Peng , Yun , Qingzhao , Tao , Dawn , Prateek , Sanjeev , Zhuotao , Xusheng

The immutable nature of blockchain technology, while revolutionary, introduces significant security challenges, particularly in smart contracts. These security issues can lead to substantial financial losses. Current tools and approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijiang Zhang , Xianhao Zhang , Meng Li , Zhe Hou

The rise of decentralized applications (dApps) has made smart contracts imperative components of blockchain technology. As many smart contracts process financial transactions, their security is paramount. Moreover, the immutability of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Khalid Hassan , Saeed Moradi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Sara Rouhani

With the advance application of blockchain technology in various fields, ensuring the security and stability of smart contracts has emerged as a critical challenge. Current security analysis methodologies in vulnerability detection can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Chenyang Peng , Haijun Wang , Yin Wu , Hao Wu , Ming Fan , Yitao Zhao , Ting Liu

With the booming development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have been widely used in finance, supply chain, Internet of things and other fields in recent years. However, the security problems of smart contracts become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Huanhuan Zou , Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li