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When used with deep learning, the symbolic music modality is often coupled with language model architectures. To do so, the music needs to be tokenized, i.e. converted into a sequence of discrete tokens. This can be achieved by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

Advances in neural network design and the availability of large-scale labeled datasets have driven major improvements in piano transcription. Existing approaches target either offline applications, with no restrictions on computational…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Patricia Hu , Silvan David Peter , Jan Schlüter , Gerhard Widmer

Moonbeam is a transformer-based foundation model for symbolic music, pretrained on a large and diverse collection of MIDI data totaling 81.6K hours of music and 18 billion tokens. Moonbeam incorporates music-domain inductive biases by…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zixun Guo , Simon Dixon

Recent progress in natural language processing has been adapted to the symbolic music modality. Language models, such as Transformers, have been used with symbolic music for a variety of tasks among which music generation, modeling or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Nathan Fradet , Jean-Pierre Briot , Fabien Chhel , Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni , Nicolas Gutowski

Multi-instrument music transcription aims to convert polyphonic music recordings into musical scores assigned to each instrument. This task is challenging for modeling as it requires simultaneously identifying multiple instruments and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-02 Sungkyun Chang , Emmanouil Benetos , Holger Kirchhoff , Simon Dixon

Text-to-music generation has advanced rapidly, with modern autoregressive and diffusion-based models producing convincing music from natural-language prompts. However, much of this progress relies on large-scale training data and external…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Junyoung Koh

Definitive embeddings remain a fundamental challenge of computational musicology for symbolic music in deep learning today. Analogous to natural language, music can be modeled as a sequence of tokens. This motivates the majority of existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei , Paul Yaozhu Chan , Zhenglu Yang , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Generating high-quality piano audio from video requires precise synchronization between visual cues and musical output, ensuring accurate semantic and temporal alignment.However, existing evaluation datasets do not fully capture the…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Chang Liu , Haomin Zhang , Shiyu Xia , Zihao Chen , Chaofan Ding , Xin Yue , Huizhe Chen , Xinhan Di

We introduce Cadenza, a new multi-stage generative framework for predicting expressive variations of symbolic musical ideas as well as unconditional generations. To accomplish this we propose a novel MIDI encoding method, PerTok…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Julian Lenz , Anirudh Mani

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

Deep learning algorithms are increasingly developed for learning to compose music in the form of MIDI files. However, whether such algorithms work well for composing guitar tabs, which are quite different from MIDIs, remain relatively…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Yu-Hua Chen , Yu-Hsiang Huang , Wen-Yi Hsiao , Yi-Hsuan Yang

We present an end-to-end method for transforming audio from one style to another. For the case of speech, by conditioning on speaker identities, we can train a single model to transform words spoken by multiple people into multiple target…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Albert Haque , Michelle Guo , Prateek Verma

Representing symbolic music with compound tokens, where each token consists of several different sub-tokens representing a distinct musical feature or attribute, offers the advantage of reducing sequence length. While previous research has…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 HaeJun Yoo , Hao-Wen Dong , Jongmin Jung , Dasaem Jeong

This work introduces audio2chart, a framework for the automatic generation of Guitar Hero style charts directly from raw audio. The task is formalized as a sequence prediction problem, where models are trained to generate discrete chart…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Riccardo Tripodi

A representation technique that allows encoding music in a way that contains musical meaning would improve the results of any model trained for computer music tasks like generation of melodies and harmonies of better quality. The field of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Sebastian Garcia-Valencia

This paper explores sequential modelling of polyphonic music with deep neural networks. While recent breakthroughs have focussed on network architecture, we demonstrate that the representation of the sequence can make an equally significant…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Omar Peracha

Many music theoretical constructs (such as scale types, modes, cadences, and chord types) are defined in terms of pitch intervals---relative distances between pitches. Therefore, when computer models are employed in music tasks, it can be…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Stefan Lattner , Maarten Grachten , Gerhard Widmer

Modern text-to-speech synthesis pipelines typically involve multiple processing stages, each of which is designed or learnt independently from the rest. In this work, we take on the challenging task of learning to synthesise speech from…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Jeff Donahue , Sander Dieleman , Mikołaj Bińkowski , Erich Elsen , Karen Simonyan

We investigate the problem of transforming an input sequence into a high-dimensional output sequence in order to transcribe polyphonic audio music into symbolic notation. We introduce a probabilistic model based on a recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-11 Nicolas Boulanger-Lewandowski , Yoshua Bengio , Pascal Vincent

Music scores are used to precisely store music pieces for transmission and preservation. To represent and manipulate these complex objects, various formats have been tailored for different use cases. While music notation follows specific…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Géré Léo , Nicolas Audebert , Florent Jacquemard