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Scaling LLMs requires tremendous computational resources, and recent advances in AI have gone hand in hand with massive amounts of capital expenditure. While it is established that scaling up LLMs reliably increases model quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sophie Hao , William Merrill

As language models scale up, it becomes increasingly expensive to verify research ideas because conclusions on small models do not trivially transfer to large ones. A possible solution is to establish a generic system that accurately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yiqun Yao , Siqi fan , Xiusheng Huang , Xuezhi Fang , Xiang Li , Ziyi Ni , Xin Jiang , Xuying Meng , Peng Han , Shuo Shang , Kang Liu , Aixin Sun , Yequan Wang

Scale is often attributed as one of the factors that cause an increase in the performance of LLMs, resulting in models with billion and trillion parameters. One of the limitations of such large models is the high computational requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Reasoning is an integral part of many tasks performed by language models (LMs). However, the effects of scaling model sizes and data on reasoning abilities at pretraining time remain understudied. To rigorously investigate this problem, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xinyi Wang , Shawn Tan , Shenbo Xu , Mingyu Jin , William Yang Wang , Rameswar Panda , Yikang Shen

Learning rate configuration is a fundamental aspect of modern deep learning. The prevailing practice of applying a uniform learning rate across all layers overlooks the structural heterogeneity of Transformers, potentially limiting their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Di He , Songjun Tu , Keyu Wang , Lu Yin , Shiwei Liu

Despite recent progress in optimal hyperparameter transfer under model and dataset scaling, no unifying explanatory principle has been established. For Adam and Scion optimizers, we discover that joint optimal scaling across model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Oleg Filatov , Jiangtao Wang , Jan Ebert , Stefan Kesselheim

Guided by the belief of the scaling law, large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in recent years. However, scaling law only gives a qualitative estimation of loss, which is influenced by various factors such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuhan Wu , Ruiming Tang

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) across diverse tasks are now well established, yet their effective deployment necessitates careful hyperparameter optimization. Although existing methods have explored the…

We study empirical scaling laws for transfer learning between distributions in an unsupervised, fine-tuning setting. When we train increasingly large neural networks from-scratch on a fixed-size dataset, they eventually become data-limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Danny Hernandez , Jared Kaplan , Tom Henighan , Sam McCandlish

Pretraining large language models is a costly process. To make this process more efficient, several methods have been proposed to optimize model architecture/parametrization and hardware use. On the parametrization side, $\mu P$ (Maximal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Soufiane Hayou , Liyuan Liu

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Scaling laws provide important insights that can guide the design of large language models (LLMs). Existing work has primarily focused on studying scaling laws for pretraining (upstream) loss. However, in transfer learning settings, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Berivan Isik , Natalia Ponomareva , Hussein Hazimeh , Dimitris Paparas , Sergei Vassilvitskii , Sanmi Koyejo

Synthetic-to-real transfer learning is a framework in which a synthetically generated dataset is used to pre-train a model to improve its performance on real vision tasks. The most significant advantage of using synthetic images is that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Hiroaki Mikami , Kenji Fukumizu , Shogo Murai , Shuji Suzuki , Yuta Kikuchi , Taiji Suzuki , Shin-ichi Maeda , Kohei Hayashi

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks via full fine-tuning is increasingly impractical due to its computational and memory demands. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) approaches such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jing Gao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Pan Zhang , Ze-Feng Gao

Optimal hyperparameter selection is critical for maximizing the performance of neural networks in computer vision, particularly as architectures become more complex. This work explores the use of large language models (LLMs) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Roman Kochnev , Arash Torabi Goodarzi , Zofia Antonina Bentyn , Dmitry Ignatov , Radu Timofte

Reinforcement learning (RL) applications, where an agent can simply learn optimal behaviors by interacting with the environment, are quickly gaining tremendous success in a wide variety of applications from controlling simple pendulums to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Mariam Kiran , Melis Ozyildirim

Large language models (LLMs) show best-in-class performance across a wide range of natural language processing applications. Training these models is an extremely computationally expensive task; frontier Artificial Intelligence (AI)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Alexander Interrante-Grant , Carla Varela-Rosa , Suhaas Narayan , Chris Connelly , Albert Reuther

Dramatic increases in the capabilities of neural network models in recent years are driven by scaling model size, training data, and corresponding computational resources. To develop the exceedingly large networks required in modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jared Fernandez , Luca Wehrstedt , Leonid Shamis , Mostafa Elhoushi , Kalyan Saladi , Yonatan Bisk , Emma Strubell , Jacob Kahn

Effective LLM training depends on predictable scaling of key quantities -- such as final loss and optimal hyperparameters -- with model and dataset size. Qiu et al. (2025) recently showed that this predictability can extend beyond scalars:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Shane Bergsma , Bin Claire Zhang , Nolan Dey , Shaheer Muhammad , Gurpreet Gosal , Joel Hestness

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight a strong connection between intelligence and compression. Learned image compression, a fundamental task in modern data compression, has made significant progress in recent years.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuqi Li , Haotian Zhang , Li Li , Dong Liu , Feng Wu