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Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), offering biological plausibility and energy efficiency. Despite these merits, SNNs are frequently hampered by limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yi Xiao , Qiangqiang Yuan , Kui Jiang , Wenke Huang , Qiang Zhang , Tingting Zheng , Chia-Wen Lin , Liangpei Zhang

Agent-based Transformers have been widely adopted in recent reinforcement learning advances due to their demonstrated ability to solve complex tasks. However, the high computational complexity of Transformers often results in significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Irfan Uddin , Nishad Tasnim , Md Omor Faruk , Zejian Zhou

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have gained significant popularity thanks to their ability to learn using the well-known backpropagation algorithm. Conversely, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), despite having broader capabilities than ANNs,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Sergio Davies , Andrew Gait , Andrew Rowley , Alessandro Di Nuovo

Spiking Neural Networks(SNNs) provide a brain-inspired and event-driven mechanism that is believed to be critical to unlock energy-efficient deep learning. The mixture-of-experts approach mirrors the parallel distributed processing of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Boxun Xu , Junyoung Hwang , Pruek Vanna-iampikul , Yuxuan Yin , Sung Kyu Lim , Peng Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) hold promise for energy-efficient, biologically inspired computing. We identify substantial informatio loss during spike transmission, linked to temporal dependencies in traditional Leaky Integrate-and-Fire…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guobin Shen , Jindong Li , Tenglong Li , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a class of network models capable of processing spatiotemporal information, with event-driven characteristics and energy efficiency advantages. Recently, directly trained SNNs have shown potential to match…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Huaxu He

The integration of neuromorphic computing and transformers through spiking neural networks (SNNs) offers a promising path to energy-efficient sequence modeling, with the potential to overcome the energy-intensive nature of the artificial…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zihang Song , Prabodh Katti , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Recently, Graph Transformers have emerged as a promising solution to alleviate the inherent limitations of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and enhance graph representation performance. Unfortunately, Graph Transformers are computationally…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yundong Sun , Dongjie Zhu , Yansong Wang , Zhaoshuo Tian , Ning Cao , Gregory O'Hared

Spiking Transformers, which integrate Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with Transformer architectures, have attracted significant attention due to their potential for energy efficiency and high performance. However, existing models in this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chenlin Zhou , Han Zhang , Zhaokun Zhou , Liutao Yu , Liwei Huang , Xiaopeng Fan , Li Yuan , Zhengyu Ma , Huihui Zhou , Yonghong Tian

As the third-generation neural network, the Spiking Neural Network (SNN) has the advantages of low power consumption and high energy efficiency, making it suitable for implementation on edge devices. More recently, the most advanced SNN,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yue Liu , Shanlin Xiao , Bo Li , Zhiyi Yu

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can help camera-based remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) in measuring cardiac activity and physiological signals from facial videos, such as pulse wave, heart rate and respiration rate with better accuracy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Mingxuan Liu , Jiankai Tang , Yongli Chen , Haoxiang Li , Jiahao Qi , Siwei Li , Kegang Wang , Jie Gan , Yuntao Wang , Hong Chen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are a class of bio-inspired neural networks that promise to bring low-power and low-latency inference to edge devices through asynchronous and sparse processing. However, being temporal models, SNNs depend…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Asude Aydin , Mathias Gehrig , Daniel Gehrig , Davide Scaramuzza

There has been an increasing interest in spiking neural networks in recent years. SNNs are seen as hypothetical solutions for the bottlenecks of ANNs in pattern recognition, such as energy efficiency. But current methods such as ANN-to-SNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-06 El-Assal Mireille , Tirilly Pierre , Bilasco Ioan Marius

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), known for their biologically plausible architecture, face the challenge of limited performance. The self-attention mechanism, which is the cornerstone of the high-performance Transformer and also a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Zhaokun Zhou , Kaiwei Che , Wei Fang , Keyu Tian , Yuesheng Zhu , Shuicheng Yan , Yonghong Tian , Li Yuan

The integration of self-attention mechanisms into Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) has garnered considerable interest in the realm of advanced deep learning, primarily due to their biological properties. Recent advancements in SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Kaiwei Che , Zhaokun Zhou , Zhengyu Ma , Wei Fang , Yanqi Chen , Shuaijie Shen , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) serve as one type of efficient model to process spatio-temporal patterns in time series, such as the Address-Event Representation data collected from Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS). Although convolutional SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Qi Xu , Yuyuan Gao , Jiangrong Shen , Yaxin Li , Xuming Ran , Huajin Tang , Gang Pan

Spiking Transformers, which combine the scalability of Transformers with the sparse, energy-efficient property of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), have achieved impressive results in neuromorphic and vision tasks and attracted increasing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Chenlin Zhou , Sihang Guo , Jiaqi Wang , Dongyang Ma , Kaiwei Che , Baiyu Chen , Qingyan Meng , Zhengyu Ma , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Building on the success of transformers, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have increasingly been integrated with transformer architectures, leading to spiking transformers that demonstrate promising performance on event-based vision tasks.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Donghyun Lee , Alex Sima , Yuhang Li , Panos Stinis , Priyadarshini Panda