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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance, making them valuable digital assets with significant commercial potential. Unfortunately, the LLM and its API are susceptible to intellectual property theft.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Kunsheng Tang , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Kai Zeng

There has been a remarkable increase in the data exchange over web and the widespread use of digital media. As a result, multimedia data transfers also had a boost up. The mounting interest with reference to digital watermarking throughout…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2010-04-13 Neeta Deshpande , Archana Rajurkar , R Manthalkar

The rapid advancement of generative AI has underscored the critical need for identifying image ownership and protecting copyrights. This makes post-processing image watermarking an essential tool -- it involves embedding a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinyu Zhang , Ziping Dong , Qingyu Liu , Yuan Hong , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

Recently, text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to mitigate the potential harms of text generated by LLMs, including fake news and copyright issues. However, current watermark detection algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shu'ang Li , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

In this paper, we investigate the recent state-of-the-art schemes for watermarking large language models (LLMs) outputs. These techniques are claimed to be robust, scalable and production-grade, aimed at promoting responsible usage of LLMs.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jonathan Hong Jin Ng , Anh Tu Ngo , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Protecting intellectual property (IP) of text such as articles and code is increasingly important, especially as sophisticated attacks become possible, such as paraphrasing by large language models (LLMs) or even unauthorized training of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Gregory Kang Ruey Lau , Xinyuan Niu , Hieu Dao , Jiangwei Chen , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

The advancement of artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) has created a pressing need for robust image watermarking that can withstand both conventional signal processing and novel semantic editing attacks. Current deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yichao Tang , Mingyang Li , Di Miao , Sheng Li , Zhenxing Qian , Xinpeng Zhang

Existing watermarking algorithms are vulnerable to paraphrase attacks because of their token-level design. To address this issue, we propose SemStamp, a robust sentence-level semantic watermarking algorithm based on locality-sensitive…

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an effective tool for distinguishing AI-generated text from human-written content. Statistically, watermark schemes induce dependence between generated tokens and a pseudo-random…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-13 Weijie Su , Ruodu Wang , Zinan Zhao

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises concerns about distinguishing AI-generated text from human content. Existing watermarking techniques, like \kgw, struggle with low watermark strength and stringent false-positive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zhuang Li , Qiuping Yi , Zongcheng Ji , Yijian Lu , Yanqi Li , Keyang Xiao , Hongliang Liang

With the rapid rise of generative AI and synthetic media, distinguishing AI-generated images from real ones has become crucial in safeguarding against misinformation and ensuring digital authenticity. Traditional watermarking techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Mehrdad Saberi , Soheil Feizi

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Watermarking inserts invisible data into content to protect copyright. The embedded information provides proof of authorship and facilitates tracking illegal distribution, etc. Current robust watermarking techniques have been proposed to…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Wook-Hyung Kim , Seung-Hun Nam , Ji-Hyeon Kang , Heung-Kyu Lee

As policy catches up with the capabilities of generative AI, watermarking is central to content provenance efforts. Inference-time watermarks for autoregressive models are unfit for continuous modalities due to discretization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Georgios Milis , Yubin Qin , Yihan Wu , Heng Huang

In the burgeoning age of generative AI, watermarks act as identifiers of provenance and artificial content. We present WAVES (Watermark Analysis Via Enhanced Stress-testing), a benchmark for assessing image watermark robustness, overcoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Bang An , Mucong Ding , Tahseen Rabbani , Aakriti Agrawal , Yuancheng Xu , Chenghao Deng , Sicheng Zhu , Abdirisak Mohamed , Yuxin Wen , Tom Goldstein , Furong Huang

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

Ensuring robustness in image watermarking is crucial for and maintaining content integrity under diverse transformations. Recent self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches, such as DINO, have been leveraged for watermarking but primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Muhammad Ahtesham , Xin Zhong

With the growth of editing and sharing images through the internet, the importance of protecting the images' authorship has increased. Robust watermarking is a known approach to maintaining copyright protection. Robustness and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Arezoo PariZanganeh , Ghazaleh Ghorbanzadeh , Zahra Nabizadeh ShahreBabak , Nader Karimi , Shadrokh Samavi
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