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Mining processes of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies are currently incentivized with voluntary transaction fees and fixed block rewards which will halve gradually to zero. In the setting where optional and arbitrary transaction fee…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Tiantian Gong , Mohsen Minaei , Wenhai Sun , Aniket Kate

In this work, we propose a stateless blockchain called CompactChain, which compacts the entire state of the UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) based blockchain systems into two RSA accumulators. The first accumulator is called Transaction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 B Swaroopa Reddy , T Uday Kiran Reddy

Different versions of peer-to-peer electronic cash exist as data represented by separate blockchains. Payments between such systems cannot be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Bitcoin…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-09-12 S. Matthew English , Fabrizio Orlandi , Soeren Auer

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Jianwen Chen , Kai Duan , Rumin Zhang , Liaoyuan Zeng , Wenyi Wang

Public companies and institutional investors that hold Bitcoin face increasing pressure to show solvency, manage risk, and satisfy regulatory expectations without exposing internal wallet structures or trading strategies. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jose E. Puente , Carlos Puente

The security of Bitcoin protocols is deeply dependent on the incentives provided to miners, which come from a combination of block rewards and transaction fees. As Bitcoin experiences more halving events, the protocol reward converges to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Roozbeh Sarenche , Alireza Aghabagherloo , Svetla Nikova , Bart Preneel

It is now a whole year since Lightning Network (LN) has been launched on the Bitcoi's mainnet. LN has been claimed as the solution for several of Bitcoin's weaknesses such as its difficulty to scale in number of transactions per second and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Stefano Martinazzi

With the continuous expansion of blockchain application scenarios, consortium chains have raised higher performance and security requirements for consensus mechanisms. Unlike public blockchains, consortium chains typically implement an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Wen Gao , Xinhong Hei , Yichuan Wang

Cryptocurrencies are distributed systems that allow exchanges of native (and non-) tokens among participants. The complete historical bookkeeping and its wide availability opens up an unprecedented possibility, i.e. that of understanding…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-02 Nicolò Vallarano , Claudio Tessone , Tiziano Squartini

A Blockchain is a global shared infrastructure where cryptocurrency transactions among addresses are recorded, validated and made publicly available in a peer- to-peer network. To date the best known and important cryptocurrency is the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Andrea Pinna , Roberto Tonelli , Matteo Orrú , Michele Marchesi

The transaction pool plays a critical role in processing and disseminating transactions in cryptocurrency networks. However, increasing transaction loads strain the resources of full node deployments. We present Neonpool, an innovative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hina Binte Haq , Syed Taha Ali , Asad Salman , Patrick McCorry , Siamak F. Shahandashti

Bitcoin demonstrated the possibility of a financial ledger that operates without the need for a trusted central authority. However, concerns persist regarding its security and considerable energy consumption. We assess the consensus…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jacob D. Leshno , Elaine Shi , Rafael Pass

Schnorr-based multi-signature schemes support offline preprocessing of nonce commitments to reduce online signing to a single round. However, preprocessing is inherently bounded: each preprocessed nonce pair consumes signer-side storage,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yunusa Simpa Abdulsalam , Mustapha Hedabou

Although the emergence of the programmable smart contract makes blockchain systems easily embrace a wider range of industrial areas, how to execute smart contracts efficiently becomes a big challenge nowadays. Due to the existence of…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Shuaifeng Pang , Xiaodong Qi , Zhao Zhang , Cheqing Jin , Aoying Zhou

Bitcoin is a popular cryptocurrency that records alltransactions in a distributed append-only public ledger calledblockchain. The security of Bitcoin heavily relies on the incentive-compatible proof-of-work (PoW) based distributed consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Mauro Conti , Sandeep Kumar E , Chhagan Lal , Sushmita Ruj

The peer-to-peer (P2P) network of blockchain used to transport its transactions and blocks has a high impact on the efficiency and security of the system. The P2P network topologies of popular blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Taotao Wang , Chonghe Zhao , Qing Yang , Shengli Zhang , Soung Chang Liew

The Bitcoin Lightning Network, launched in 2018, serves as a layer 2 scaling solution for Bitcoin. The Lightning Network allows users to establish channels between each other and subsequently exchange off-chain payments. Together, these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Florian Grötschla , Lioba Heimbach , Severin Richner , Roger Wattenhofer

Since the creation of Bitcoin, transaction tracking is one of the prominent means for following the movement of Bitcoins involved in illegal activities. Although every Bitcoin transaction is recorded in the blockchain database, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Tin Tironsakkul , Manuel Maarek , Andrea Eross , Mike Just

Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) protocols have recently been extensively used by decentralized data management systems with non-trustworthy infrastructures, e.g., permissioned blockchains. BFT protocols cover a broad spectrum of design…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Mohammad Javad Amiri , Chenyuan Wu , Divyakant Agrawal , Amr El Abbadi , Boon Thau Loo , Mohammad Sadoghi

Bitcoin is the first fully-decentralized permissionless blockchain protocol to achieve a high level of security, but at the expense of poor throughput and latency. Scaling the performance of Bitcoin has a been a major recent direction of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Lei Yang , Xuechao Wang , Vivek Bagaria , Gerui Wang , Mohammad Alizadeh , David Tse , Giulia Fanti , Pramod Viswanath