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Partial-label learning (PLL) utilizes instances with PLs, where a PL includes several candidate labels but only one is the true label (TL). In PLL, identification-based strategy (IBS) purifies each PL on the fly to select the (most likely)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jiaqi Lv , Biao Liu , Lei Feng , Ning Xu , Miao Xu , Bo An , Gang Niu , Xin Geng , Masashi Sugiyama

Weakly supervised learning has emerged as a practical alternative to fully supervised learning when complete and accurate labels are costly or infeasible to acquire. However, many existing methods are tailored to specific supervision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Miao Zhang , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

In multi-task learning, labels are often missing irregularly across samples, which can be fully labeled, partially labeled or unlabeled. The irregular label presence often appears in scientific studies due to experimental limitations. It…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Mingqian Li , Qiao Han , Ruifeng Li , Yao Yang , Hongyang Chen

To ensure that the data collected from human subjects is entrusted with a secret, rival labels are introduced to conceal the information provided by the participants on purpose. The corresponding learning task can be formulated as a noisy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Cheng Chen , Yueming Lyu , Ivor W. Tsang

In partial label learning (PLL), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels among which only one is ground-truth. The majority of the existing works focuses on constructing robust classifiers to estimate the labeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chongjie Si , Xuehui Wang , Yan Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wei Shen

Partial-label learning (PLL) is a weakly supervised learning problem in which each example is associated with multiple candidate labels and only one is the true label. In recent years, many deep PLL algorithms have been developed to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wei Wang , Dong-Dong Wu , Jindong Wang , Gang Niu , Min-Ling Zhang , Masashi Sugiyama

Multi-instance partial-label learning (MIPL) is an emerging learning framework where each training sample is represented as a multi-instance bag associated with a candidate label set. Existing MIPL algorithms often overlook the margins for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Wei Tang , Yin-Fang Yang , Zhaofei Wang , Weijia Zhang , Min-Ling Zhang

Partial label learning (PLL) seeks to train generalizable classifiers from datasets with inexact supervision, a common challenge in real-world applications. Existing studies have developed numerous approaches to progressively refine and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kuang He , Wei Tang , Tong Wei , Min-Ling Zhang

Existing Partial Label Learning (PLL) methods posit that training and test data adhere to the same distribution, a premise that frequently does not hold in practical application where Out-of-Distribution (OOD) objects are present. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jintao Huang , Yiu-Ming Cheung , Chi-Man Vong

Under partial-label learning (PLL) where, for each training instance, only a set of ambiguous candidate labels containing the unknown true label is accessible, contrastive learning has recently boosted the performance of PLL on vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Shiyu Xia , Jiaqi Lv , Ning Xu , Gang Niu , Xin Geng

In partial multi-label learning (PML), each data example is equipped with a candidate label set, which consists of multiple ground-truth labels and other false-positive labels. Recently, graph-based methods, which demonstrate a good ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Haobo Wang , Shisong Yang , Gengyu Lyu , Weiwei Liu , Tianlei Hu , Ke Chen , Songhe Feng , Gang Chen

Learning with reduced labeling standards, such as noisy label, partial label, and multiple label candidates, which we generically refer to as \textit{imprecise} labels, is a commonplace challenge in machine learning tasks. Previous methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Hao Chen , Ankit Shah , Jindong Wang , Ran Tao , Yidong Wang , Xing Xie , Masashi Sugiyama , Rita Singh , Bhiksha Raj

Machine learning models are increasingly being utilized across various fields and tasks due to their outstanding performance and strong generalization capabilities. Nonetheless, their success hinges on the availability of large volumes of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Shreen Gul , Mohamed Elmahallawy , Sanjay Madria , Ardhendu Tripathy

Due to the advantages of leveraging unlabeled data and learning meaningful representations, semi-supervised learning and contrastive learning have been progressively combined to achieve better performances in popular applications with few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Bowen Tao , Lan Li , Xin-Chun Li , De-Chuan Zhan

Partial multi-label learning and complementary multi-label learning are two popular weakly supervised multi-label classification paradigms that aim to alleviate the high annotation costs of collecting precisely annotated multi-label data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wei Wang , Tianhao Ma , Ming-Kun Xie , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

In real-world applications, one often encounters ambiguously labeled data, where different annotators assign conflicting class labels. Partial-label learning allows training classifiers in this weakly supervised setting, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Tobias Fuchs , Florian Kalinke , Klemens Böhm

Traditional Incremental Learning (IL) targets to handle sequential fully-supervised learning problems where novel classes emerge from time to time. However, due to inherent annotation uncertainty and ambiguity, collecting high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Rui Wang , Mingxuan Xia , Chang Yao , Lei Feng , Junbo Zhao , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang

Recent years have witnessed a great success of supervised deep learning, where predictive models were trained from a large amount of fully labeled data. However, in practice, labeling such big data can be very costly and may not even be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Yuting Tang , Nan Lu , Tianyi Zhang , Masashi Sugiyama

Learning from ambiguous labels is a long-standing problem in practical machine learning applications. The purpose of \emph{partial label learning} (PLL) is to identify the ground-truth label from a set of candidate labels associated with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jinfu Fan , Xiaohui Zhong , Kangrui Ren , Jiangnan Li , Linqing Huang

Partial label learning is a prominent weakly supervised classification task, where each training instance is ambiguously labeled with a set of candidate labels. In real-world scenarios, candidate labels are often influenced by instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Rui Zhao , Bin Shi , Kai Sun , Bo Dong