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Development of digital content has increased the necessity of copyright protection by means of watermarking. Imperceptibility and robustness are two important features of watermarking algorithms. The goal of watermarking methods is to…

The current work is focusing on the implementation of a robust watermarking algorithm for digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-29 Dimitrios K. Tsolis , Spyros Sioutas , Theodore S. Papatheodorou

Current image watermarking methods are vulnerable to advanced image editing techniques enabled by large-scale text-to-image models. These models can distort embedded watermarks during editing, posing significant challenges to copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shilin Lu , Zihan Zhou , Jiayou Lu , Yuanzhi Zhu , Adams Wai-Kin Kong

Being trained on large and diverse datasets, visual foundation models (VFMs) can be fine-tuned to achieve remarkable performance and efficiency in various downstream computer vision tasks. The high computational cost of data collection and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anna Chistyakova , Mikhail Pautov

Watermarking of deep neural networks (DNNs) has gained significant traction in recent years, with numerous (watermarking) strategies being proposed as mechanisms that can help verify the ownership of a DNN in scenarios where these models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Giulio Pagnotta , Dorjan Hitaj , Briland Hitaj , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Luigi V. Mancini

We introduce models and algorithmic foundations for graph watermarking. Our frameworks include security definitions and proofs, as well as characterizations when graph watermarking is algorithmically feasible, in spite of the fact that the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-06-01 David Eppstein , Michael T. Goodrich , Jenny Lam , Nil Mamano , Michael Mitzenmacher , Manuel Torres

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

Model watermarking techniques can embed watermark information into the protected model for ownership declaration by constructing specific input-output pairs. However, existing watermarks are easily removed when facing model stealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Yuexin Xuan , Zhendong Zhao , Xin Zhao , He Li

The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Visible watermark plays an important role in image copyright protection and the robustness of a visible watermark to an attack is shown to be essential. To evaluate and improve the effectiveness of watermark, watermark removal attracts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Xiang Li , Chan Lu , Danni Cheng , Wei-Hong Li , Mei Cao , Bo Liu , Jiechao Ma , Wei-Shi Zheng

The personalization techniques of diffusion models succeed in generating images with specific concepts. This ability also poses great threats to copyright protection and network security since malicious users can generate unauthorized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Qi Wu

EEG-based neural networks, pivotal in medical diagnosis and brain-computer interfaces, face significant intellectual property (IP) risks due to their reliance on sensitive neurophysiological data and resource-intensive development. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ahmed Abdelaziz , Ahmed Fathi , Ahmed Fares

We study a basic question about cryptographic watermarking for generative models: how reliable can a watermark remain when an adversary is allowed to corrupt the encoded signal? To address this question, we introduce a minimal coding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Danilo Francati , Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake , Shubham Pawar , Daniele Venturi , Giuseppe Ateniese

Due to the proliferation and widespread use of deep neural networks (DNN), their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection has become increasingly important. This paper presents a novel model watermarking method for an unsupervised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Dongdong Lin , Benedetta Tondi , Bin Li , Mauro Barni

Watermark has been widely deployed by industry to detect AI-generated images. The robustness of such watermark-based detector against evasion attacks in the white-box and black-box settings is well understood in the literature. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Recent fine-tuning techniques for diffusion models enable them to reproduce specific image sets, such as particular faces or artistic styles, but also introduce copyright and security risks. Dataset watermarking has been proposed to ensure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xincheng Wang , Hanchi Sun , Wenjun Sun , Kejun Xue , Wangqiu Zhou , Jianbo Zhang , Wei Sun , Dandan Zhu , Xiongkuo Min , Jun Jia , Zhijun Fang

Intellectual property protection of deep neural networks is receiving attention from more and more researchers, and the latest research applies model watermarking to generative models for image processing. However, the existing watermarking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Li Zhang , Yong Liu , Shaoteng Liu , Tianshu Yang , Yexin Wang , Xinpeng Zhang , Hanzhou Wu

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

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