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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate impressive zero-shot generalization through large-scale image-text pretraining, yet their performance can drop once the deployment distribution diverges from the training distribution. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Xiaozhen Qiao , Jingkai Zhao , Yuqiu Jiang , Xianda Guo , Zhe Sun , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li

3D Vision-Language Foundation Models (VLFMs) have shown strong generalization and zero-shot recognition capabilities in open-world point cloud processing tasks. However, these models often underperform in practical scenarios where data are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Mehran Tamjidi , Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Mohammadreza Alimoradijazi , Ali Cheraghian , Aijun An , Morteza Saberi

Although action recognition systems can achieve top performance when evaluated on in-distribution test points, they are vulnerable to unanticipated distribution shifts in test data. However, test-time adaptation of video action recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Wei Lin , Muhammad Jehanzeb Mirza , Mateusz Kozinski , Horst Possegger , Hilde Kuehne , Horst Bischof

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods have gained significant attention for enhancing the performance of vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP during inference, without requiring additional labeled data. However, current TTA researches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lijun Sheng , Jian Liang , Ran He , Zilei Wang , Tieniu Tan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Shuang Li

The rapid advancements in vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have intensified the need to address distribution shifts between training and testing datasets. Although prior Test-Time Training (TTT) techniques for VLMs have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yuto Kojima , Jiarui Xu , Xueyan Zou , Xiaolong Wang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP have yielded unprecedented performance for zero-shot image classification, yet their generalization capability may still be seriously challenged when confronted to domain shifts. In response, we…

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai

The zero-shot capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been widely leveraged to improve predictive performance. However, previous works on transductive or test-time adaptation (TTA) often make strong assumptions about the data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Maxime Zanella , Clément Fuchs , Christophe De Vleeschouwer , Ismail Ben Ayed

Since real-world machine systems are running in non-stationary environments, Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task is proposed to adapt the pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. Recently, existing methods mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Senqiao Yang , Peidong Jia , Renrui Zhang , Ming Lu , Yandong Guo , Wei Xue , Shanghang Zhang

Test-time adaptation with pre-trained vision-language models, such as CLIP, aims to adapt the model to new, potentially out-of-distribution test data. Existing methods calculate the similarity between visual embedding and learnable class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Lihua Zhou , Mao Ye , Shuaifeng Li , Nianxin Li , Xiatian Zhu , Lei Deng , Hongbin Liu , Zhen Lei

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have become prominent in open-world image recognition for their strong generalization abilities. Yet, their effectiveness in practical applications is compromised by domain shifts and distributional changes,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Qiyuan Dai , Sibei Yang

Foundational Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel across diverse tasks, but adapting them to new domains without forgetting prior knowledge remains a critical challenge. Continual Learning (CL) addresses this challenge by enabling models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vaibhav Singh , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Test-time adaptation with pre-trained vision-language models has gained increasing attention for addressing distribution shifts during testing. Among these approaches, memory-based algorithms stand out due to their training-free nature and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Wenxuan Bao , Ruxi Deng , Ruizhong Qiu , Tianxin Wei , Hanghang Tong , Jingrui He

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Test-time adaptation, which enables models to generalize to diverse data with unlabeled test samples, holds significant value in real-world scenarios. Recently, researchers have applied this setting to advanced pre-trained vision-language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ce Zhang , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie

Recent works on domain adaptation exploit adversarial training to obtain domain-invariant feature representations from the joint learning of feature extractor and domain discriminator networks. However, domain adversarial methods render…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Seungmin Lee , Dongwan Kim , Namil Kim , Seong-Gyun Jeong

The widespread use of Vision Language Models (VLMs, e.g. CLIP) has raised concerns about their vulnerability to sophisticated and imperceptible adversarial attacks. These attacks could compromise model performance and system security in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaowei Fu , Lei Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts for streaming test data in unsupervised settings. Currently, most TTA methods can only deal with minor shifts and rely heavily on heuristic and empirical studies. To advance TTA under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Shuiwang Ji