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Designing off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms is typically a very challenging task, because a desirable iteration update often involves an expectation over an on-policy distribution. Prior off-policy actor-critic (AC) algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Tengyu Xu , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Yingbin Liang

Data rehearsal has emerged as a leading approach for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in Continual Reinforcement Learning (CRL). However, existing work remains confined to policy gradient frameworks, regularizing only actors due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Benjamin Poole , Andrew Quinn , Li Yang , Minwoo Lee

Experience replay serves as a key component in the success of online reinforcement learning (RL). Prioritized experience replay (PER) reweights experiences by the temporal difference (TD) error empirically enhancing the performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Changling Li , Zhang-Wei Hong , Pulkit Agrawal , Divyansh Garg , Joni Pajarinen

Traditional continuous deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms employ deterministic or unimodal Gaussian actors, which cannot express complex multimodal decision distributions. This limitation can hinder their performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ziqi Wang , Jiashun Liu , Ling Pan

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), which updates the model parameters by adding a local gradient times a learning rate at each step, is widely used in model training of machine learning algorithms such as neural networks. It is observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-01 Chang Xu , Tao Qin , Gang Wang , Tie-Yan Liu

Since the objective functions of reinforcement learning problems are typically highly nonconvex, it is desirable that policy gradient, the most popular algorithm, escapes saddle points and arrives at second-order stationary points. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Siqiao Mu , Diego Klabjan

Off-policy temporal-difference (TD) learning with function approximation faces a structural tradeoff among stability, projection geometry, and variance control. Emphatic TD (ETD) improves the off-policy projection geometry through follow-on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Xingguo Chen , Chaohui Wu , Jinguo Ye , Chao Li , Shangdong Yang , Guang Yang , Tianyu Liang , Wenhao Wang

The goal of this paper is to study a distributed version of the gradient temporal-difference (GTD) learning algorithm for a class of multi-agent Markov decision processes (MDPs). The temporal-difference (TD) learning is a reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-29 Donghwan Lee , Jianghai Hu

Multi-step temporal difference (TD) learning is an important approach in reinforcement learning, as it unifies one-step TD learning with Monte Carlo methods in a way where intermediate algorithms can outperform either extreme. They address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Kristopher De Asis , Richard S. Sutton

Learning from rewards (i.e., reinforcement learning or RL) and learning to imitate a teacher (i.e., teacher-student learning) are two established approaches for solving sequential decision-making problems. To combine the benefits of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Idan Shenfeld , Zhang-Wei Hong , Aviv Tamar , Pulkit Agrawal

Synchronizing decisions across multiple agents in realistic settings is problematic since it requires agents to wait for other agents to terminate and communicate about termination reliably. Ideally, agents should learn and execute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Yuchen Xiao , Weihao Tan , Christopher Amato

Meta-Reinforcement Learning addresses the critical limitations of conventional Reinforcement Learning in multi-task and non-stationary environments by enabling fast policy adaptation and improved generalization. We introduce a novel Meta-RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Théo Zangato , Aomar Osmani , Pegah Alizadeh

Centralized Training for Decentralized Execution, where agents are trained offline using centralized information but execute in a decentralized manner online, has gained popularity in the multi-agent reinforcement learning community. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Xueguang Lyu , Yuchen Xiao , Brett Daley , Christopher Amato

Model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully applied to challenging continuous control domains. However, poor sample efficiency prevents these methods from being widely used in real-world domains. This paper introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Sicen Li , Qinyun Tang , Yiming Pang , Xinmeng Ma , Gang Wang

Recently, empowered with the powerful capabilities of neural networks, reinforcement learning (RL) has successfully tackled numerous challenging tasks. However, while these models demonstrate enhanced decision-making abilities, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Zhengpeng Xie , Yulong Zhang

Categorical Distributional Reinforcement Learning (CDRL) has demonstrated superior sample efficiency in learning complex tasks compared to conventional Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches. However, the practical application of CDRL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 David Valencia , Henry Williams , Yuning Xing , Trevor Gee , Bruce A MacDonald , Minas Liarokapis

We propose a method for meta-learning reinforcement learning algorithms by searching over the space of computational graphs which compute the loss function for a value-based model-free RL agent to optimize. The learned algorithms are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 John D. Co-Reyes , Yingjie Miao , Daiyi Peng , Esteban Real , Sergey Levine , Quoc V. Le , Honglak Lee , Aleksandra Faust

We explore fixed-horizon temporal difference (TD) methods, reinforcement learning algorithms for a new kind of value function that predicts the sum of rewards over a $\textit{fixed}$ number of future time steps. To learn the value function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Kristopher De Asis , Alan Chan , Silviu Pitis , Richard S. Sutton , Daniel Graves

In reinforcement learning (RL), temporal difference (TD) error is known to be related to the firing rate of dopamine neurons. It has been observed that each dopamine neuron does not behave uniformly, but each responds to the TD error in an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Taisuke Kobayashi

In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm - the Skill-Driven Skill Recombination Algorithm (SDSRA) - an innovative framework that significantly enhances the efficiency of achieving maximum entropy in reinforcement learning tasks. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Eric H. Jiang , Andrew Lizarraga