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The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

Shapley values are today extensively used as a model-agnostic explanation framework to explain complex predictive machine learning models. Shapley values have desirable theoretical properties and a sound mathematical foundation in the field…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-16 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Ingrid Kristine Glad , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Explainable AI (XAI) is increasingly essential as modern models become more complex and high-stakes applications demand transparency, trust, and regulatory compliance. Existing global attribution methods often incur high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Poushali Sengupta , Yan Zhang , Frank Eliassen , Sabita Maharjan

3D human pose estimation (HPE) in autonomous vehicles (AV) differs from other use cases in many factors, including the 3D resolution and range of data, absence of dense depth maps, failure modes for LiDAR, relative location between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Jingxiao Zheng , Xinwei Shi , Alexander Gorban , Junhua Mao , Yang Song , Charles R. Qi , Ting Liu , Visesh Chari , Andre Cornman , Yin Zhou , Congcong Li , Dragomir Anguelov

Deep learning has been successfully applied to medical image segmentation, enabling accurate identification of regions of interest such as organs and lesions. This approach works effectively across diverse datasets, including those with…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Tianyi Ren , Juampablo Heras Rivera , Hitender Oswal , Yutong Pan , Agamdeep Chopra , Jacob Ruzevick , Mehmet Kurt

The deployment of Machine Learning models intraoperatively for tissue characterisation can assist decision making and guide safe tumour resections. For image classification models, pixel attribution methods are popular to infer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Alfie Roddan , Chi Xu , Serine Ajlouni , Irini Kakaletri , Patra Charalampaki , Stamatia Giannarou

Data-driven artificial intelligence models require explainability in intelligent manufacturing to streamline adoption and trust in modern industry. However, recently developed explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Joseph Cohen , Xun Huan , Jun Ni

Image classification is a primary task in data analysis where explainable models are crucially demanded in various applications. Although amounts of methods have been proposed to obtain explainable knowledge from the black-box classifiers,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Ruitao Xie , Jingbang Chen , Limai Jiang , Rui Xiao , Yi Pan , Yunpeng Cai

Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust in machine learning systems as black-box models are increasingly deployed within high-stakes domains. Among XAI methods, Shapley values are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiaxin Xu , Hung Chau , Angela Burden

In the present paper we present the potential of Explainable Artificial Intelligence methods for decision-support in medical image analysis scenarios. With three types of explainable methods applied to the same medical image data set our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Samanta Knapič , Avleen Malhi , Rohit Saluja , Kary Främling

With the widespread use of sophisticated machine learning models in sensitive applications, understanding their decision-making has become an essential task. Models trained on tabular data have witnessed significant progress in explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Lahiri , Kamran Alipour , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi

With the rising necessity of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), we see an increase in task-dependent XAI methods on varying abstraction levels. XAI techniques on a global level explain model behavior and on a local level explain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Udo Schlegel , Daniela Oelke , Daniel A. Keim , Mennatallah El-Assady

Explainability in artificial intelligence (XAI) remains a crucial aspect for fostering trust and understanding in machine learning models. Current visual explanation techniques, such as gradient-based or class-activation-based methods,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Mahadev Prasad Panda , Matteo Tiezzi , Martina Vilas , Gemma Roig , Bjoern M. Eskofier , Dario Zanca

We address the problem of robot guided assembly tasks, by using a learning-based approach to identify contact model parameters for known and novel parts. First, a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is used to extract geometric features of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Constantin Schempp , Christian Friedrich

LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) is a popular XAI framework for unraveling decision-making processes in vision machine-learning models. The technique utilizes image segmentation methods to identify fixed regions for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Patrick Knab , Sascha Marton , Christian Bartelt

Human pose estimation (HPE) usually requires large-scale training data to reach high performance. However, it is rather time-consuming to collect high-quality and fine-grained annotations for human body. To alleviate this issue, we revisit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Xixia Xu , Yingguo Gao , Ke Yan , Xue Lin , Qi Zou

This paper presents Visual Evaluative AI, a decision aid that provides positive and negative evidence from image data for a given hypothesis. This tool finds high-level human concepts in an image and generates the Weight of Evidence (WoE)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Thao Le , Tim Miller , Ruihan Zhang , Liz Sonenberg , Ronal Singh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) models have recently attracted a great deal of interest from a variety of application sectors. Despite significant developments in this area, there are still no standardized methods or approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Sarit Maitra , Vivek Mishra , Pratima Verma , Manav Chopra , Priyanka Nath

Elucidating the functional mechanisms of the primary visual cortex (V1) remains a fundamental challenge in systems neuroscience. Current computational models face two critical limitations, namely the challenge of cross-modal integration…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-20 Yu Zhu , Bo Lei , Chunfeng Song , Wanli Ouyang , Shan Yu , Tiejun Huang

Explainable artificial intelligence promises to yield insights into relevant features, thereby enabling humans to examine and scrutinize machine learning models or even facilitating scientific discovery. Considering the widespread technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jörg Martin , Stefan Haufe