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Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has become the de facto method to elicit reasoning capabilities from large language models (LLMs). However, to mitigate hallucinations in CoT that are notoriously difficult to detect, current methods such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Chengwu Liu , Ye Yuan , Yichun Yin , Yan Xu , Xin Xu , Zaoyu Chen , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Ming Zhang

In this paper, we give novel certificates for triangular equivalence and rank profiles. These certificates enable somebody to verify the row or column rank profiles or the whole rank profile matrix faster than recomputing them, with a…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Erich Kaltofen , David Lucas , Clément Pernet

Exact representations of real numbers such as the signed digit representation or more generally linear fractional representations or the infinite Gray code represent real numbers as infinite streams of digits. In earlier work by the first…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Ulrich Berger , Dieter Spreen

Authentication is a process by which an entity,which could be a person or intended computer,establishes its identity to another entity.In private and public computer networks including the Internet,authentication is commonly done through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-01-11 Maheswara Rao Valluri

Neural networks are increasingly deployed in scientific, safety critical, and mission critical pipelines, yet verification and analysis are often performed outside the programming environment that defines and runs the model. This creates a…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Robert Joseph George , Jennifer Cruden , Will Adkisson , Xiangru Zhong , Huan Zhang , Anima Anandkumar

Chain-of-Thought reasoning has emerged as a powerful approach for solving complex mathematical and logical problems. However, it can often veer off track through incorrect or unsubstantiated inferences. Formal mathematical reasoning, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maria-Florina Balcan , Avrim Blum , Zhiyuan Li , Dravyansh Sharma

Despite the vast body of research literature proposing algorithms with formal guarantees, the amount of verifiable code in today's systems remains minimal. This discrepancy stems from the inherent difficulty of verifying code, particularly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Marco Chiesa

For a given computational problem, a certificate is a piece of data that one (the prover) attaches to the output with the aim of allowing efficient verification (by the verifier) that this output is correct. Here, we consider the minimal…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Pascal Giorgi , Vincent Neiger

In two-party secret sharing scheme, values are typically encoded as unsigned integers $\mathsf{uint}(x)$, whereas real-world applications often require computations on signed real numbers $\mathsf{Real}(x)$. To enable secure evaluation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hao Guo , Zhaoqian Liu , Liqiang Peng , Shuaishuai Li , Ximing Fu , Weiran Liu , Lin Qu

In this paper, we study the employment of $\Sigma_1$-sentences with certificates, i.e., $\Sigma_1$-sentences where a number of principles is added to ensure that the witness is sufficiently number-like. We develop certificates in some…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-06-03 Taishi Kurahashi , Albert Visser

We develop a new symbolic-numeric algorithm for the certification of singular isolated points, using their associated local ring structure and certified numerical computations. An improvement of an existing method to compute inverse systems…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2011-01-18 Angelos Mantzaflaris , Bernard Mourrain

We introduce MLFMF, a collection of data sets for benchmarking recommendation systems used to support formalization of mathematics with proof assistants. These systems help humans identify which previous entries (theorems, constructions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Andrej Bauer , Matej Petković , Ljupčo Todorovski

The fusion rules and modular matrix of a rational conformal field theory obey a list of properties. We use these properties to classify rational conformal field theories with not more than six primary fields and small values of the fusion…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 D. Gepner , A. Kapustin

Optimization is used extensively in engineering, industry, and finance, and various methods are used to transform problems to the point where they are amenable to solution by numerical methods. We describe progress towards developing a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-15 Alexander Bentkamp , Jeremy Avigad

We present a framework for verifying the deterministic structured computations surrounding a large language model rather than the model itself, extending a Lean 4 trust-boundary architecture to the generic interfaces of modern LLM…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 George Koomullil

In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

We give an elementary approach to studying whether rings of $S$-integers in complex quadratic fields are Euclidean with respect to the $S$-norm.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-30 Kyle Hammer , Kevin McGown , Skip Moses

The precise control of complex quantum systems promises numerous technological applications including digital quantum computing. The complexity of such devices renders the certification of their correct functioning a challenge. To address…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-21 Martin Kliesch , Ingo Roth

We consider the signatures $\Sigma_m=(0,1,-,+, \cdot, \ ^{-1})$ of meadows and $(\Sigma_m, {\mathbf s})$ of signed meadows. We give two complete axiomatizations of the equational theories of the real numbers with respect to these…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2015-01-14 Jan A. Bergstra , Inge Bethke , Alban Ponse

We develop the basic theory of geometrically closed rings as a generalisation of algebraically closed fields, on the grounds of notions coming from positive model theory and affine algebraic geometry. For this purpose we consider several…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2013-09-24 Jean Berthet