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A recent and exciting thread of work focuses on developing methods for watermarking the output of large language models (LLMs). We focus on provably undetectable watermarking-that is, schemes that do not alter the output distribution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Noam Mazor , Andrew Morgan , Rafael Pass

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein

To mitigate the potential misuse of large language models (LLMs), recent research has developed watermarking algorithms, which restrict the generation process to leave an invisible trace for watermark detection. Due to the two-stage nature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shangqing Tu , Yuliang Sun , Yushi Bai , Jifan Yu , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Text watermarking has emerged as a pivotal technique for identifying machine-generated text. However, existing methods often rely on arbitrary vocabulary partitioning during decoding to embed watermarks, which compromises the availability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Liang Chen , Yatao Bian , Yang Deng , Deng Cai , Shuaiyi Li , Peilin Zhao , Kam-fai Wong

Watermarking is a principled approach for tracing the provenance of large language model (LLM) outputs, but its deployment in practice is hindered by inference inefficiency. Speculative sampling accelerates inference, with efficiency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Weiqing He , Xiang Li , Li Shen , Weijie Su , Qi Long

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

This paper introduces EmMark,a novel watermarking framework for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of embedded large language models deployed on resource-constrained edge devices. To address the IP theft risks posed by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

The task of discerning between generated and natural texts is increasingly challenging. In this context, watermarking emerges as a promising technique for ascribing generated text to a specific model. It alters the sampling generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Chaffin , Karim Tit , Vivien Chappelier , Teddy Furon

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), safeguarding textual content against unauthorized use is crucial. Watermarking offers a vital solution, protecting both - LLM-generated and plain text sources. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harsh Nishant Lalai , Aashish Anantha Ramakrishnan , Raj Sanjay Shah , Dongwon Lee

Speech watermarking techniques can proactively mitigate the potential harmful consequences of instant voice cloning techniques. These techniques involve the insertion of signals into speech that are imperceptible to humans but can be…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-19 Shengpeng Ji , Ziyue Jiang , Jialong Zuo , Minghui Fang , Yifu Chen , Tao Jin , Zhou Zhao

We present the first in depth study on the robustness of existing watermarking techniques applied to code generated by large language models (LLMs). As LLMs increasingly contribute to software development, watermarking has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tarun Suresh , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

Recent years have witnessed tremendous success in Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), which has been widely utilized to facilitate various downstream tasks in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shenchen Zhu , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Chang Yue , Fan Xiang , Yuling Cai , Hualong Ma , Yingjun Zhang , Guozhu Meng

Multi-bit watermarking (MW) has been designed to enhance resistance against watermarking attacks, such as signal processing operations and geometric distortions. Various benchmark tools exist to assess this robustness through simulated…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Seung-Hun Nam , Jihyeon Kang , Daesik Kim , Namhyuk Ahn , Wonhyuk Ahn

The promise of LLM watermarking rests on a core assumption that a specific watermark proves authorship by a specific model. We demonstrate that this assumption is dangerously flawed. We introduce the threat of watermark spoofing, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hyeseon An , Shinwoo Park , Suyeon Woo , Yo-Sub Han

Text watermarking provides an effective solution for identifying synthetic text generated by large language models. However, existing techniques often focus on satisfying specific criteria while ignoring other key aspects, lacking a unified…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Shuhao Zhang , Bo Cheng , Jiale Han , Yuli Chen , Zhixuan Wu , Changbao Li , Pingli Gu

LLMs now exhibit human-like skills in various fields, leading to worries about misuse. Thus, detecting generated text is crucial. However, passive detection methods are stuck in domain specificity and limited adversarial robustness. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Xi Yang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Chang Liu , Yuang Qi , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

Diffusion models (DMs) have demonstrated advantageous potential on generative tasks. Widespread interest exists in incorporating DMs into downstream applications, such as producing or editing photorealistic images. However, practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yunqing Zhao , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Xiao Yang , Ngai-Man Cheung , Min Lin

Dynamic watermarking schemes can enhance the cyber attack detection capability of networked control systems (NCSs). This paper presents a linear event-triggered solution to conventional dynamic watermarking (CDW) schemes. Firstly, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Dajun Du , Changda Zhang , Xue Li , Minrui Fei , Huiyu Zhou
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