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Communication requires having a common language, a lingua franca, between agents. This language could emerge via a consensus process, but it may require many generations of trial and error. Alternatively, the lingua franca can be given by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Toru Lin , Minyoung Huh , Chris Stauffer , Ser-Nam Lim , Phillip Isola

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

Deep Reinforcement Learning has made significant progress in multi-agent systems in recent years. In this review article, we have focused on presenting recent approaches on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Afshin OroojlooyJadid , Davood Hajinezhad

Multi-agent settings remain a fundamental challenge in the reinforcement learning (RL) domain due to the partial observability and the lack of accurate real-time interactions across agents. In this paper, we propose a new method based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Donghan Xie , Zhi Wang , Chunlin Chen , Daoyi Dong

Communication in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been proven to effectively promote cooperation among agents recently. Since communication in real-world scenarios is vulnerable to noises and adversarial attacks, it is crucial…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Lebin Yu , Yunbo Qiu , Quanming Yao , Yuan Shen , Xudong Zhang , Jian Wang

Recent works successfully leveraged Large Language Models' (LLM) abilities to capture abstract knowledge about world's physics to solve decision-making problems. Yet, the alignment between LLMs' knowledge and the environment can be wrong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Thomas Carta , Clément Romac , Thomas Wolf , Sylvain Lamprier , Olivier Sigaud , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Grounding language in perception and action is a key challenge when building situated agents that can interact with humans, or other agents, via language. In the past, addressing this challenge has required manually designing the language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Andrew C. Li , Toryn Q. Klassen , Andrew Wang , Parand A. Alamdari , Sheila A. McIlraith

Emergent communication enables partially observant Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) to coordinate effectively in decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) settings. However, existing approaches often struggle with unstable…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Mahmoud Abouelyazid , Eman Hammad

Communication is a important factor that enables agents work cooperatively in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Most previous work uses continuous message communication whose high representational capacity comes at the expense of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Sheng Li , Yutai Zhou , Ross Allen , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

This paper presents a novel approach to Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) that combines cooperative task decomposition with the learning of reward machines (RMs) encoding the structure of the sub-tasks. The proposed method helps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Leo Ardon , Daniel Furelos-Blanco , Alessandra Russo

We propose a method that allows to develop shared understanding between two agents for the purpose of performing a task that requires cooperation. Our method focuses on efficiently establishing successful task-oriented communication in an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Nikolaos Kondylidis , Ilaria Tiddi , Annette ten Teije

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is crucial for AI systems that operate collaboratively in distributed and adversarial settings, particularly in multi-domain operations (MDO). A central challenge in cooperative MARL is determining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nikunj Gupta , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

As a data-driven approach, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made remarkable advances in solving cooperative residential load scheduling problems. However, centralized training, the most common paradigm for MARL, limits…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhaoming Qin , Nanqing Dong , Di Liu , Zhefan Wang , Junwei Cao

Communication between agents in collaborative multi-agent settings is in general implicit or a direct data stream. This paper considers text-based natural language as a novel form of communication between multiple agents trained with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Kevin Eloff , Herman A. Engelbrecht

The fusion of Large Language Models (LLMs) and robotic systems has led to a transformative paradigm in the robotic field, offering unparalleled capabilities not only in the communication domain but also in skills like multimodal input…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Sara Incao , Carlo Mazzola , Giulia Belgiovine , Alessandra Sciutti

Human intelligence's adaptability is remarkable, allowing us to adjust to new tasks and multi-modal environments swiftly. This skill is evident from a young age as we acquire new abilities and solve problems by imitating others or following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Shrestha Mohanty , Negar Arabzadeh , Julia Kiseleva , Artem Zholus , Milagro Teruel , Ahmed Awadallah , Yuxuan Sun , Kavya Srinet , Arthur Szlam

Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained wide attention in recent years and has made progress in various fields. Specifically, cooperative MARL focuses on training a team of agents to cooperatively achieve tasks that are…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lei Yuan , Ziqian Zhang , Lihe Li , Cong Guan , Yang Yu

We consider multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents can be brittle because they can overfit their training partners' policies. This overfitting can produce agents that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Tessa van der Heiden , Herke van Hoof , Efstratios Gavves , Christoph Salge

Grounding the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) for embodied tasks is challenging due to the complexity of the physical world. Especially, LLM planning for multi-agent collaboration requires communication of agents or credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yang Zhang , Shixin Yang , Chenjia Bai , Fei Wu , Xiu Li , Zhen Wang , Xuelong Li

This work explores the large-scale multi-agent communication mechanism under a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) setting. We summarize the general categories of topology for communication structures in MARL literature, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Junjie Sheng , Xiangfeng Wang , Bo Jin , Junchi Yan , Wenhao Li , Tsung-Hui Chang , Jun Wang , Hongyuan Zha