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The next generation of cosmological surveys is expected to generate unprecedented high-quality data, consequently increasing the already substantial computational costs of Bayesian statistical methods. This will pose a significant challenge…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-22 Evan Saraivanov , Kunhao Zhong , Vivian Miranda , Supranta S. Boruah , Tim Eifler , Elisabeth Krause

We initiate an investigation into the optimization properties of next-token prediction (NTP), the dominant training paradigm for modern language models. Specifically, we study the structural properties of the solutions selected by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Christos Thrampoulidis

Recently, self-attention models such as Transformers have given competitive results compared to recurrent neural network systems in speech recognition. The key factor for the outstanding performance of self-attention models is their ability…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-29 Shucong Zhang , Erfan Loweimi , Peter Bell , Steve Renals

Embedding tables are usually huge in click-through rate (CTR) prediction models. To train and deploy the CTR models efficiently and economically, it is necessary to compress their embedding tables at the training stage. To this end, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Shiwei Li , Huifeng Guo , Lu Hou , Wei Zhang , Xing Tang , Ruiming Tang , Rui Zhang , Ruixuan Li

Transferring knowledge from one neural network to another has been shown to be helpful for learning tasks with few training examples. Prevailing fine-tuning methods could potentially contaminate pre-trained features by comparably high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-15 Farshid Varno , Behrouz Haji Soleimani , Marzie Saghayi , Lisa Di Jorio , Stan Matwin

Recent innovations in transformers have shown their superior performance in natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). The ability to capture long-range dependencies and interactions in sequential data has also triggered a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-03-24 Chu Myaet Thwal , Ye Lin Tun , Kitae Kim , Seong-Bae Park , Choong Seon Hong

There is a growing interest in the ability of neural networks to execute algorithmic tasks (e.g., arithmetic, summary statistics, and sorting). The goal of this work is to better understand the role of attention in Transformers for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Artur Back de Luca , George Giapitzakis , Shenghao Yang , Petar Veličković , Kimon Fountoulakis

Training neural networks is a challenging non-convex optimization problem, and backpropagation or gradient descent can get stuck in spurious local optima. We propose a novel algorithm based on tensor decomposition for guaranteed training of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-13 Majid Janzamin , Hanie Sedghi , Anima Anandkumar

Training deep neural networks is a very demanding task, especially challenging is how to adapt architectures to improve the performance of trained models. We can find that sometimes, shallow networks generalize better than deep networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-03 David Peer , Bart Keulen , Sebastian Stabinger , Justus Piater , Antonio Rodríguez-Sánchez

Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Halil Alperen Gozeten , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Xuechen Zhang , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Marco Mondelli , Samet Oymak

Multi-head attention plays a crucial role in the recent success of Transformer models, which leads to consistent performance improvements over conventional attention in various applications. The popular belief is that this effectiveness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Liyuan Liu , Jialu Liu , Jiawei Han

In this paper, we consider the supervised pre-trained transformer for a class of sequential decision-making problems. The class of considered problems is a subset of the general formulation of reinforcement learning in that there is no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Hanzhao Wang , Yu Pan , Fupeng Sun , Shang Liu , Kalyan Talluri , Guanting Chen , Xiaocheng Li

Transformers excel at in-context learning (ICL) -- learning from demonstrations without parameter updates -- but how they do so remains a mystery. Recent work suggests that Transformers may internally run Gradient Descent (GD), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Deqing Fu , Tian-Qi Chen , Robin Jia , Vatsal Sharan

Transformers are emerging as the new workhorse of NLP, showing great success across tasks. Unlike LSTMs, transformers process input sequences entirely through self-attention. Previous work has suggested that the computational capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Michael Hahn

After their initial success in natural language processing, transformer architectures have rapidly gained traction in computer vision, providing state-of-the-art results for tasks such as image classification, detection, segmentation, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Hugo Touvron , Matthieu Cord , Alaaeldin El-Nouby , Jakob Verbeek , Hervé Jégou

Transformers and their attention mechanism have been revolutionary in the field of Machine Learning. While originally proposed for the language data, they quickly found their way to the image, video, graph, etc. data modalities with various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Saeed Amizadeh , Sara Abdali , Yinheng Li , Kazuhito Koishida

With the rise of large-scale foundation models, efficiently adapting them to downstream tasks remains a central challenge. Linear probing, which freezes the backbone and trains a lightweight head, is computationally efficient but often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Laure Ciernik , Marco Morik , Lukas Thede , Luca Eyring , Shinichi Nakajima , Zeynep Akata , Lukas Muttenthaler

Transformers, which are state-of-the-art in most machine learning tasks, represent the data as sequences of vectors called tokens. This representation is then exploited by the attention function, which learns dependencies between tokens and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Valérie Castin , Pierre Ablin , José Antonio Carrillo , Gabriel Peyré

The two-stage fine-tuning (FT) method, linear probing (LP) then fine-tuning (LP-FT), outperforms linear probing and FT alone. This holds true for both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data. One key reason for its success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Akiyoshi Tomihari , Issei Sato

Transformer is a new kind of neural architecture which encodes the input data as powerful features via the attention mechanism. Basically, the visual transformers first divide the input images into several local patches and then calculate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Kai Han , An Xiao , Enhua Wu , Jianyuan Guo , Chunjing Xu , Yunhe Wang