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Causality is violated in the early stages of state-of-the-art heavy-ion hydrodynamic simulations. Such violations are present in up to 75% of the fluid cells in the initial time and only after 2-3 fm/$c$ of evolution do we find that 50% of…

The initial conditions of one-dimensional expanding viscous fluids in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are scrutinized in terms of nonlinear causality of the relativistic hydrodynamic equations. Conventionally, it is believed that the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-02-03 Tau Hoshino , Tetsufumi Hirano

Heavy-ion collisions, such as Pb-Pb or p-Pb, produce extreme conditions in temperature and density that make the hadronic matter transition to a new state, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Simulations of heavy-ion collisions provide a way…

We explore theoretical uncertainties in the hydrodynamic description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions by examining the full non-linear causality conditions and quantifying the second-order transport coefficients' role on flow…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-06-09 Cheng Chiu , Chun Shen

The theory of real relativistic fluids is in the rather unique situation that there is a natural relativistic extension of the nonrelativistic theory, but it is physically untenable. On the other hand, mounting evidence that matter created…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-10-04 Esteban Calzetta

New constraints are found that must necessarily hold for Israel-Stewart-like theories of fluid dynamics to be causal far away from equilibrium. Conditions that are sufficient to ensure causality, local existence, and uniqueness of solutions…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-06-09 Fabio S. Bemfica , Marcelo M. Disconzi , Vu Hoang , Jorge Noronha , Maria Radosz

The fluidity of the hot and dense QCD matter is a key characteristic of the medium created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We extend the framework of the relativistic hydrodynamic model to incorporate non-thermal momentum distributions…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-22 Akihiko Monnai

We summarize our recent investigations on how causality violations in Israel-Stewart-type relativistic viscous hydrodynamic simulations can give rise to both analytical and numerical instabilities. The classification of spacetime regions…

Dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics is not always causal and can favor superluminal signal propagation under certain circumstances. On the other hand, high-energy nuclear collisions have a microscopic description in terms of QCD and are…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-09-26 Stefan Floerchinger , Eduardo Grossi

The causality and stability of a relativistic hydrodynamic theory is shown to require a consensus between, either (i) newer degrees of freedom apart from the fundamental fluid fields, or (ii) a general hydrodynamic frame other than the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-08-25 Sukanya Mitra

The present work investigates the causal parameter space of the Mueller-Israel-Stewart second-order theory for heat-conducting fluids in the Eckart frame for one-dimensional fluid flow in systems with finite baryon density. It is shown that…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-03-23 Victor Roy

Dissipative processes in relativistic fluids are known to be important in the analyses of the hot QCD matter created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In this work, I consider dissipative corrections to energy and conserved charge…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-10-08 Akihiko Monnai

We present a concise review of the recent development of relativistic hydrodynamics and its applications to heavy-ion collisions. Theoretical progress on the extended formulation of hydrodynamics towards out-of-equilibrium systems is…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-10-26 Chun Shen , Li Yan

Starting with a brief introduction into the basics of relativistic fluid dynamics, I discuss our current knowledge of a relativistic theory of fluid dynamics in the presence of (mostly shear) viscosity. Derivations based on the generalized…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-03-02 Paul Romatschke

Relativistic hydrodynamics has been quite successful in explaining the collective behaviour of the QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We briefly review the latest developments in the hydrodynamical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-10-28 Amaresh Jaiswal , Victor Roy

We study causal viscous hydrodynamics in the context of central relativistic heavy-ion collisions and provide details of a straightforward numerical algorithm to solve the hydrodynamic equations. It is shown that correlation functions of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Rudolf Baier , Paul Romatschke

This dissertation is about the study of three important issues in the theory of relativistic fluid dynamics: the stability of dissipative fluid dynamics, the shear viscosity, and fluid dynamics with triangle anomaly.(1)The second order…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-08-31 Shi Pu

Ten years ago, relativistic viscous fluid dynamics was formulated from first principles in an effective field theory framework, based entirely on the knowledge of symmetries and long-lived degrees of freedom. In the same year, numerical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-05-21 Paul Romatschke , Ulrike Romatschke

The early dynamics in heavy-ion collisions involves a rapid, far from equilibrium evolution. This early pre-equilibrium stage of the dynamics can be modeled using kinetic equations. The effect of this pre-equilibrium stage on final…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-04-05 Piotr Bozek

The first-order textbook formulations of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics are unstable and acausal. These shortcomings may be rectified by using effective theories which maintain stability and causality. In this dissertation, which is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-09-30 Raphael E. Hoult
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