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While quantum key distribution (QKD) based on two-dimensional (qubit) encoding is a mature, field-tested technology, its performance is lacking for many cryptographic applications. High-dimensional encoding for QKD enables increased…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables the sharing of cryptographic keys secured by quantum mechanics. The BB84 protocol assumed single-photon sources, but practical systems rely on weak coherent pulses vulnerable to photon-number-splitting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Ibrahim Almosallam

Anonymity in networked communication is vital for many privacy-preserving tasks. Secure key distribution alone is insufficient for high-security communications, often knowing who transmits a message to whom and when must also be kept hidden…

Polarization encoding quantum key distribution has been proven to be a reliable method to build a secure communication system. It has already been used in inter-city fiber channel and near-earth atmosphere channel, leaving underwater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Shanchuan Dong , Yonghe Yu , Shangshuai Zheng , Qiming Zhu , Lei Gai , Wendong Li , Yongjian Gu

Nowadays Quantum Key Distribution represents the most mature quantum technology, and multiple countries as well as private institutions are building their quantum network. However, QKD devices are still far from representing a product…

Underwater quantum key distribution (UQKD) ensures unconditional communication security based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. This study examines the performance of the BB84, SARG04, and the entanglement-based BBM92…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Nour Rizk , Angélique Drémeau , Arnaud Coatanhay

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secure communications between two parties based on physical laws. However, most of the security proofs of QKD today make unrealistic assumptions and neglect many relevant device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) plays a significant role in multiparty quantum communication and is a crucial component of future quantum multiparty computing networks. Therefore, it is highly valuable to develop a QSS protocol that offers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Yuan-Zhuo Wang , Xiao-Ran Sun , Xiao-Yu Cao , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secret keys. The central task in the study of QKD is to prove security in the presence of an eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Sirui Peng , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a potential protocol for long distance secure communication, overcoming the rate-distance limitations of conventional quantum key distribution without requiring trusted repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Syed M. Arslan , Syed Shahmir , Noureldin Mohammad , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muataz Alhussein

In quantum key distribution (QKD), the bit error rate is used to estimate the information leakage and hence determines the amount of privacy amplification --- making the final key private by shortening the key. In general, there exists a…

A two-layer quantum protocol for secure transmission of data using qubits is presented. The protocol is an improvement over the BB84 QKD protocol. BB84, in conjunction with the one-time pad algorithm, has been shown to be unconditionally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-03 Saied Hosseini-Khayat , Iman Marvian

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the fundamental laws of physics. However, device imperfections, such as those in active modulators, may introduce side-channel leakage, thus compromising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Chengqiu Hu , Wenyuan Wang , Kai-Sum Chan , Zhenghan Yuan , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an efficient means to exchange information in an unconditionally secure way. Historically, QKD protocols have been based on binary signal formats, such as two polarisation states, and the transmitted…

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proven for different protocols, in particular for the BB84 protocol. It has been shown that this scheme is robust against eventual imperfections in the state preparation, and sending…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-05 Davide Rusca , Alberto Boaron , Marcos Curty , Anthony Martin , Hugo Zbinden

We propose a scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with dual-rail displaced photon states. Displaced single photon states carry bit value of code which may be extracted while coherent states carry nothing and they only provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Sergey A. Podoshvedov

By realizing a quantum cryptography system based on polarization entangled photon pairs we establish highly secure keys, because a single photon source is approximated and the inherent randomness of quantum measurements is exploited. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Thomas Jennewein , Christoph Simon , Gregor Weihs , Harald WeinfurterD , Anton Zeilinger

Source-independent quantum secret sharing (SI QSS), while essential for secure multiuser cryptographic operations in quantum networks, faces significant implementation challenges stemming from the inherent complexity of generating and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Yi-Ran Xiao , Hua-Lei Yin , Wen-Ji Hua , Xiao-Yu Cao , Zeng-Bing Chen

Integration of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in existing telecommunication infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of this quantum technology, which offers the distillation of unconditionally secure keys between users. In…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables tap-proof exchange of cryptographic keys guaranteed by the very laws of physics. One of the last remaining roadblocks on the way towards widespread deployment of QKD is the high loss experienced during…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-06 Sebastian Ecker , Johannes Pseiner , Jorge Piris , Martin Bohmann
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