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In this work we propose an approach for implementing time-evolution of a quantum system using product formulas. The quantum algorithms we develop have provably better scaling (in terms of gate complexity and circuit depth) than a naive…

We provide three improvements to the product formula implementation of the ground state energy estimation algorithm via Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. These consist of smaller circuit templates for each Hamiltonian term, parallelization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Andre Kornell , Peter Selinger

Quantum simulation is a promising application of future quantum computers. Product formulas, or Trotterization, are the oldest and still remain an appealing method to simulate quantum systems. For an accurate product formula approximation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-04 Chi-Fang , Chen , Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

In analog and digital simulations of practically relevant quantum systems, the target dynamics can only be implemented approximately. The Trotter product formula is the most common approximation scheme as it is a generic method which allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Alexander Hahn , Paul Hartung , Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Kazuya Yuasa

Fault-tolerant quantum computing is a promising tool for simulating molecules and materials, but frequently-considered applications require substantial resources, and the gap between hardware capabilities and requirements remains…

Universal quantum simulation may provide insights into those many-body systems that cannot be described classically, and that cannot be efficiently simulated with current technology. The Trotter formula, which decomposes a desired unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-09 George C. Knee , William J. Munro

We propose a variational alternative to the Trotter-Suzuki decomposition that provides greater control over errors while preserving the unitary structure of time evolution. The variational parameters in our ansatz are derived from a global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Ibsal Assi , Michael Vogl , Meenu Kumari , J. P. F. LeBlanc

The accuracy of quantum dynamics simulation is usually measured by the error of the unitary evolution operator in the operator norm, which in turn depends on certain norm of the Hamiltonian. For unbounded operators, after suitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-26 Dong An , Di Fang , Lin Lin

We consider Hamiltonian simulation using the first order Lie-Trotter product formula under the assumption that the initial state has a high overlap with an energy eigenstate, or a collection of eigenstates in a narrow energy band. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-26 Changhao Yi , Elizabeth Crosson

Trotter product formulas are a natural and powerful approach to perform quantum simulation. However, the error analysis of product formulas is challenging, and their cost is often overestimated. It is established that Trotter error can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Nick S. Blunt , Aleksei V. Ivanov , Andreas Juul Bay-Smidt

Quantum simulation is one of the most promising scientific applications of quantum computers. Due to decoherence and noise in current devices, it is however challenging to perform digital quantum simulation in a regime that is intractable…

The Trotter decomposition is a basic approach to Hamiltonian simulation (digital quantum simulation). The first-order Trotter decomposition is the simplest one, whose deviations from target dynamics are of the first order of a small…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Takuya Hatomura

Product formula approximations of the time-evolution operator on quantum computers are of great interest due to their simplicity, and good scaling with system size by exploiting commutativity between Hamiltonian terms. However, product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-24 Guang Hao Low , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Nathan Wiebe

Accurately simulating long-time dynamics of many-body systems is a challenge in both classical and quantum computing due to the accumulation of Trotter errors. While low-order Trotter-Suzuki decompositions are straightforward to implement,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Marko Maležič , Johann Ostmeyer

Quantum dynamics simulation via Hamilton simulation algorithms is one of the most crucial applications in the quantum computing field. While this task has been relatively considered the target in the fault-tolerance era, the experiment for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Shigeo Hakkaku , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga , Suguru Endo

Quantum computers can efficiently simulate many-body systems. As a widely used Hamiltonian simulation tool, the Trotter-Suzuki scheme splits the evolution into the number of Trotter steps $N$ and approximates the evolution of each step by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Suguru Endo , Qi Zhao , Ying Li , Simon Benjamin , Xiao Yuan

Quantum dynamics can be simulated on a quantum computer by exponentiating elementary terms from the Hamiltonian in a sequential manner. However, such an implementation of Trotter steps has gate complexity depending on the total Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-15 Guang Hao Low , Yuan Su , Yu Tong , Minh C. Tran

A higher-order Suzuki-Trotter decomposition or Trotterization can be exploited to mitigate the Trotter error in digital quantum simulation. This work revisits the second-order symmetric Trotterization in terms of the Trotter error, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yeonghun Lee

Quantum computation with Trotter product formulae is straightforward and requires little overhead in terms of logical qubits. The choice of the orbital basis significantly affects circuit depth, with localised orbitals yielding lowest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Marvin Kronenberger , Mihael Erakovic , Markus Reiher

The Suzuki-Trotter decomposition, which digitalizes quantum time evolution, provides a promising framework for simulating quantum dynamics on quantum hardware and exploring quantum advantage over classical computation. However, conventional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Bo Yang , Naoki Negishi