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Explaining graph neural networks (GNNs) has become more and more important recently. Higher-order interpretation schemes, such as GNN-LRP (layer-wise relevance propagation for GNN), emerged as powerful tools for unraveling how different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ping Xiong , Thomas Schnake , Grégoire Montavon , Klaus-Robert Müller , Shinichi Nakajima

Image attribution analysis seeks to highlight the feature representations learned by visual models such that the highlighted feature maps can reflect the pixel-wise importance of inputs. Gradient integration is a building block in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Róisín Luo , James McDermott , Colm O'Riordan

Attribution maps are one of the most established tools to explain the functioning of computer vision models. They assign importance scores to input features, indicating how relevant each feature is for the prediction of a deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Robin Hesse , Simone Schaub-Meyer , Stefan Roth

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known to rely more on local texture rather than global shape when making decisions. Recent work also indicates a close relationship between CNN's texture-bias and its robustness against distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Baifeng Shi , Dinghuai Zhang , Qi Dai , Zhanxing Zhu , Yadong Mu , Jingdong Wang

Deep neural networks can predict human judgments, but this does not imply that they rely on human-like information or reveal the cues underlying those judgments. Prior work has addressed this issue using attribution heatmaps, but their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Icaro Re Depaolini , Uri Hasson

Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) and saliency maps have been recently used to explain the predictions of Deep Learning models, specifically in the domain of text classification. Given different attribution-based explanations to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Wenting Xiong , Iftitahu Ni'mah , Juan M. G. Huesca , Werner van Ipenburg , Jan Veldsink , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Attribution methods aim to explain a neural network's prediction by highlighting the most relevant image areas. A popular approach is to backpropagate (BP) a custom relevance score using modified rules, rather than the gradient. We analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Leon Sixt , Maximilian Granz , Tim Landgraf

Layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) is a widely used and powerful technique to reveal insights into various artificial neural network (ANN) architectures. LRP is often used in the context of image classification. The aim is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Marco Landt-Hayen , Willi Rath , Martin Claus , Peer Kröger

The interest in complex deep neural networks for computer vision applications is increasing. This leads to the need for improving the interpretable capabilities of these models. Recent explanation methods present visualizations of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Dan Valle , Tiago Pimentel , Adriano Veloso

Attribution explanation is a typical approach for explaining deep neural networks (DNNs), inferring an importance or contribution score for each input variable to the final output. In recent years, numerous attribution methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Huiqi Deng , Hongbin Pei , Quanshi Zhang , Mengnan Du

Graphical models use the intuitive and well-studied methods of graph theory to implicitly represent dependencies between variables in large systems. They can model the global behaviour of a complex system by specifying only local factors.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-08-21 Siamak Ravanbakhsh

Trust and credibility in machine learning models is bolstered by the ability of a model to explain itsdecisions. While explainability of deep learning models is a well-known challenge, a further chal-lenge is clarity of the explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-30 hsan Ullah , Andre Rios , Vaibhav Gala , Susan Mckeever

We implement a visual interpretability method Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) on top of 3D U-Net trained to perform lesion segmentation on the small dataset of multi-modal images provided by ISLES 2017 competition. We demonstrate…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-14 Erico Tjoa , Guo Heng , Lu Yuhao , Cuntai Guan

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Attribution techniques explain the outcome of an AI model by assigning a numerical score to its inputs. So far, these techniques have mainly focused on attributing importance to static input features at a single point in time, and thus fail…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Paul Kobialka , Andrea Pferscher , Francesco Leofante , Erika Ábrahám , Silvia Lizeth Tapia Tarifa , Einar Broch Johnsen

Motivated by distinct, though related, criteria, a growing number of attribution methods have been developed tointerprete deep learning. While each relies on the interpretability of the concept of "importance" and our ability to visualize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Zifan Wang , Piotr Mardziel , Anupam Datta , Matt Fredrikson

Modeling the distribution of natural images is a landmark problem in unsupervised learning. This task requires an image model that is at once expressive, tractable and scalable. We present a deep neural network that sequentially predicts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-22 Aaron van den Oord , Nal Kalchbrenner , Koray Kavukcuoglu

We present an application of the Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) algorithm to state of the art deep convolutional neural networks and Fisher Vector classifiers to compare the image perception and prediction strategies of both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Sebastian Bach , Alexander Binder , Klaus-Robert Müller , Wojciech Samek

Modern deep learning models are notoriously opaque, which has motivated the development of methods for interpreting how deep models predict. This goal is usually approached with attribution method, which assesses the influence of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yiming Ju , Yuanzhe Zhang , Zhao Yang , Zhongtao Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Explaining recommendations enables users to understand whether recommended items are relevant to their needs and has been shown to increase their trust in the system. More generally, if designing explainable machine learning models is key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Darius Afchar , Romain Hennequin