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We establish up-to-constants estimates for arm events in the Brownian loop soup on the 2D metric graph associated with the square lattice. More specifically, we consider two natural geometric events: first, ``bulk'' four-arm events,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Yijie Bi , Yifan Gao , Pierre Nolin , Wei Qian

We study percolation of two-sided level sets for the discrete Gaussian free field (DGFF) in 2D. For a DGFF $\varphi$ defined in a box $B_N$ with side length $N$, for $C$ large enough, there exist low crossings in the set of vertices $z$…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Yifan Gao , Pierre Nolin , Wei Qian

The Brownian loop soup introduced in Lawler and Werner (2004) is a Poissonian realization from a sigma-finite measure on unrooted loops. This measure satisfies both conformal invariance and a restriction property. In this paper, we define a…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Gregory F. Lawler , José A. Trujillo Ferreras

We define and study a set of operators that compute statistical properties of the Brownian Loop Soup, a conformally invariant gas of random Brownian loops (Brownian paths constrained to begin and end at the same point) in two dimensions. We…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Federico Camia , Alberto Gandolfi , Matthew Kleban

We initiate the study on chemical distances of percolation clusters for level sets of two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free fields as well as loop clusters generated by two-dimensional random walk loop soups. One of our results states that…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-02-27 Jian Ding , Li Li

We study the structure of Brownian loop-soup clusters in two dimensions. Among other things, we obtain the following decomposition of the clusters with critical intensity: When one conditions a loop-soup cluster by its outer boundary…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-02-14 Wei Qian , Wendelin Werner

We study Brownian loop soup clusters in $\mathbb{R}^3$ for an arbitrary intensity $\alpha>0$. We show the existence of a phase transition for the presence of unbounded clusters and study its basic properties. In particular, we show that,…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Antoine Jego , Titus Lupu

We show that the scaling limit of the random walk loop soup on suitable planar graphs is the Brownian loop soup, under a topology on multisets of unrooted, unparameterized, and macroscopic loops. The result holds assuming only convergence…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Yihao Pang

We define a large new class of conformal primary operators in the ensemble of Brownian loops in two dimensions known as the ``Brownian loop soup,'' and compute their correlation functions analytically and in closed form. The loop soup is a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-07-07 Valentino F. Foit , Matthew Kleban

We consider a general random walk loop soup which includes, or is related to, several models of interest, such as the Spin O(N) model, the double dimer model and the Bose gas. The analysis of this model is challenging because of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-07-03 Nicolas Forien , Matteo Quattropani , Alexandra Quitmann , Lorenzo Taggi

We introduce a natural "massive" version of the Brownian loop soup of Lawler and Werner which displays conformal covariance and exponential decay. We show that this massive Brownian loop soup arises as the near-critical scaling limit of a…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-02-12 Federico Camia

We derive an intensity doubling feature of critical Brownian loop-soups on the cable-graphs of ${\mathbb Z}^d$ for $d \ge 7$ that can be described as follows: In the box $[-N, N]^d$ (and with a probability that goes to $1$ as $N$ goes to…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Titus Lupu , Wendelin Werner

We consider the random walk loop soup on the discrete half-plane and study the percolation problem, i.e. the existence of an infinite cluster of loops. We show that the critical value of the intensity is equal to 1/2. The absence of…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Titus Lupu

We study spin systems defined by the winding of a random walk loop soup. For a particular choice of loop soup intensity, we show that the corresponding spin system is reflection-positive and is dual, in the Kramers-Wannier sense, to the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Tim van de Brug , Federico Camia , Marcin Lis

The random walk loop soup is a Poissonian ensemble of lattice loops; it has been extensively studied because of its connections to the discrete Gaussian free field, but was originally introduced by Lawler and Trujillo Ferreras as a discrete…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-09-19 Tim van de Brug , Federico Camia , Marcin Lis

The critical two-dimensional Brownian loop-soup is an infinite collection of non-interacting Brownian loops in a planar domain that possesses some combinatorial features related to the notion of indistinguishability of bosons. The properly…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-01 Matthis Lehmkuehler , Wei Qian , Wendelin Werner

The main topic of these lecture notes is the continuum scaling limit of planar lattice models. One reason why this topic occupies an important place in the theory of probability and mathematical statistical physics is that scaling limits…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-02-12 Federico Camia

In this paper, we derive the distribution of a two-dimensional (complex) random walk in which the angle of each step is restricted to a subset of the circle. This setting appears in various domains, such as in over-the-air computation in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Karl-Ludwig Besser

Lawler and Trujillo Ferreras constructed a well-known coupling between the Brownian loop soups in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and the random walk loop soups on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ (one rescales the random walk loops by $1/N$, their time parametrizations by…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Wei Qian

There is a close connection between intersections of Brownian motion paths and percolation on trees. Recently, ideas from probability on trees were an important component of the multifractal analysis of Brownian occupation measure, in joint…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Yuval Peres
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