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This paper presents the first item response theory (IRT) analysis of the national data set on introductory, general education, college-level astronomy teaching using the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory (LSCI). We used the…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-10-27 Colin S. Wallace , Timothy G. Chambers , Edward E. Prather

In Meta-Reinforcement Learning (meta-RL) an agent is trained on a set of tasks to prepare for and learn faster in new, unseen, but related tasks. The training tasks are usually hand-crafted to be representative of the expected distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Ricardo Luna Gutierrez , Matteo Leonetti

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) typically requires thousands of benchmark items, making the process expensive, slow, and increasingly impractical at scale. Existing evaluation protocols rely on average accuracy over fixed item sets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Peiyu Li , Xiuxiu Tang , Si Chen , Ying Cheng , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

Item response theory (IRT) has become one of the most popular statistical models for psychometrics, a field of study concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement. The IRT models are latent factor models tailored to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-20 Yunxiao Chen , Xiaoou Li , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

Evaluating models and datasets in computer vision remains a challenging task, with most leaderboards relying solely on accuracy. While accuracy is a popular metric for model evaluation, it provides only a coarse assessment by considering a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Rahul Ramachandran , Tejal Kulkarni , Charchit Sharma , Deepak Vijaykeerthy , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Robust validation of Machine Learning (ML) models is essential, but traditional data partitioning approaches often ignore the intrinsic quality of each instance. This study proposes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) parameters to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro Filho , Ricardo Prudêncio , Regiane Kawasaki , Ronnie Alves

The growing dependence on eTextbooks and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has led to an increase in the amount of students' learning data. By carefully analyzing this data, educators can identify difficult exercises, and evaluate the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Ahmed Abd Elrahman , Ahmed I. Taloba , Mohammed F. Farghally , Taysir Hassan A Soliman

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

We study the problem of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) with the added twist that the learner is assisted by a helpful teacher. More formally, we tackle the following algorithmic question: How could a teacher provide an informative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Rati Devidze , Volkan Cevher , Adish Singla

We present a novel interactive learning protocol that enables training request-fulfilling agents by verbally describing their activities. Unlike imitation learning (IL), our protocol allows the teaching agent to provide feedback in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Khanh Nguyen , Dipendra Misra , Robert Schapire , Miro Dudík , Patrick Shafto

In Meta-Reinforcement Learning (meta-RL) an agent is trained on a set of tasks to prepare for and learn faster in new, unseen, but related tasks. The training tasks are usually hand-crafted to be representative of the expected distribution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Ricardo Luna Gutierrez , Matteo Leonetti

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) can provide personalized and self-paced learning experience. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) further enables better human-machine interaction, and facilitates the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zhengyuan Liu , Stella Xin Yin , Geyu Lin , Nancy F. Chen

The pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a central goal in language model development, in which consciousness-like processing could serve as a key facilitator. While current language models are not conscious, they exhibit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hamid Reza Akbari , Mohammad Hossein Sameti , Amir M. Mansourian , Mohammad Hossein Rohban , Hossein Sameti

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates valid evaluation methods to guide downstream applications and actionable future improvements. The Item Response Theory (IRT) has recently emerged as a promising framework for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-12 Zhiyu Xu , Jia Liu , Yixin Wang , Yuqi Gu

Fine-tuning large language models is becoming ever more impractical due to their rapidly-growing scale. This motivates the use of parameter-efficient adaptation methods such as prompt tuning (PT), which adds a small number of tunable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Simeng Sun , Yang Liu , Dan Iter , Chenguang Zhu , Mohit Iyyer

Experimental evaluation is crucial in AI research, especially for assessing algorithms across diverse tasks. Many studies often evaluate a limited set of algorithms, failing to fully understand their strengths and weaknesses within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Brodie Oldfield , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Ziqi Xu , Mario Andrés Muñoz

We develop T-SKIRT: a temporal, structured-knowledge, IRT-based method for predicting student responses online. By explicitly accounting for student learning and employing a structured, multidimensional representation of student…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Chaitanya Ekanadham , Yan Karklin

Recent work has described neural-network-based agents that are trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to execute language-like commands in simulated worlds, as a step towards an intelligent agent or robot that can be instructed by human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Felix Hill , Sona Mokra , Nathaniel Wong , Tim Harley

Semantics based knowledge representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in automatically generating meaningful factual questions. Determining the difficulty level of these system generated questions is helpful to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Vinu E. , P Sreenivasa Kumar

Instruction tuning -- supervised fine-tuning using instruction-response pairs -- is a key step in making pre-trained large language models (LLMs) instructable. Meanwhile, LLMs perform multitask learning during their pre-training, acquiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Seokhyun An , Minji Kim , Hyounghun Kim