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Text-to-SQL translates natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL) commands, enabling users to interact with databases using natural language. Essentially, the text-to-SQL task is a text generation task, and its…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohu Zhu , Qian Li , Lizhen Cui , Yongkang Liu

Text-to-SQL converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to access relational databases for analytics and intelligent data services. In real-world scenarios, performance is often constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianhao Qiu , Xiaojun Chen

Translating users' natural language queries (NL) into SQL queries (i.e., Text-to-SQL, a.k.a. NL2SQL) can significantly reduce barriers to accessing relational databases and support various commercial applications. The performance of…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xinyu Liu , Shuyu Shen , Boyan Li , Peixian Ma , Runzhi Jiang , Yuxin Zhang , Ju Fan , Guoliang Li , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Text-to-SQL has attracted attention from both the natural language processing and database communities because of its ability to convert the semantics in natural language into SQL queries and its practical application in building natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Naihao Deng , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang

Text-to-SQL parsing is an essential and challenging task. The goal of text-to-SQL parsing is to convert a natural language (NL) question to its corresponding structured query language (SQL) based on the evidences provided by relational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Bowen Qin , Binyuan Hui , Lihan Wang , Min Yang , Jinyang Li , Binhua Li , Ruiying Geng , Rongyu Cao , Jian Sun , Luo Si , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

The conversion of natural language queries into SQL queries, known as Text-to-SQL, is a critical yet challenging task. This paper introduces EPI-SQL, a novel methodological framework leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Xiping Liu , Zhao Tan

Recent text-to-SQL systems powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in translating natural language queries into SQL. However, these systems often struggle with complex database structures and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Haoyuan Ma , Yongliang Shen , Hengwei Liu , Wenqi Zhang , Haolei Xu , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a new paradigm for Text-to-SQL task. However, the absence of a systematical benchmark inhibits the development of designing effective, efficient and economic LLM-based Text-to-SQL solutions. To…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Dawei Gao , Haibin Wang , Yaliang Li , Xiuyu Sun , Yichen Qian , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Converting natural language (NL) questions into SQL queries, referred to as Text-to-SQL, has emerged as a pivotal technology for facilitating access to relational databases, especially for users without SQL knowledge. Recent progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yiming Huang , Jiyu Guo , Wenxin Mao , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu , Qing Ling

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Leading models for the text-to-SQL task heavily rely on proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs), posing concerns over data privacy. Closing the performance gap between small open-source models and large proprietary models is crucial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei

Real-world enterprise text-to-SQL workflows often involve complex cloud or local data across various database systems, multiple SQL queries in various dialects, and diverse operations from data transformation to analytics. We introduce…

The potential for improvements brought by Large Language Models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL systems is mostly assessed on monolingual English datasets. However, LLMs' performance for other languages remains vastly unexplored. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Ellery Smith , Sabine Maennel , Cyril Matthey-Doret , Raphaël de Fondville , Kurt Stockinger

Text-to-SQL conversion is a critical innovation, simplifying the transition from complex SQL to intuitive natural language queries, especially significant given SQL's prevalence in the job market across various roles. The rise of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Tingkai Zhang , Chaoyu Chen , Cong Liao , Jun Wang , Xudong Zhao , Hang Yu , Jianchao Wang , Jianguo Li , Wenhui Shi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu

In recent years,Text-to-SQL, the problem of automatically converting questions posed in natural language to formal SQL queries, has emerged as an important problem at the intersection of natural language processing and data management…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Ke Shen , Mayank Kejriwal

Relational databases are foundational to numerous domains, including business intelligence, scientific research, and enterprise systems. However, accessing and analyzing structured data often requires proficiency in SQL, which is a skill…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Lei Chen

Text-to-SQL enables natural access to databases, yet most benchmarks are English-only, limiting multilingual progress. We introduce MultiSpider 2.0, extending Spider 2.0 to eight languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Khanh Trinh Pham , Thu Huong Nguyen , Jun Jo , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Thanh Tam Nguyen

Although it has been demonstrated that Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms are vulnerable to deliberate attacks, the question of whether such weaknesses can lead to software security threats is under-explored. To bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xutan Peng , Yipeng Zhang , Jingfeng Yang , Mark Stevenson

This paper presents the development process of a natural language to SQL model using the T5 model as the basis. The models, developed in August 2022 for an online transaction processing system and a data warehouse, have a 73\% and 84\%…