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Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) holds the promise of automating the acquisition of complex controllers that can map sensory inputs directly to low-level actions. In the domain of robotic locomotion, deep RL could enable learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Tuomas Haarnoja , Sehoon Ha , Aurick Zhou , Jie Tan , George Tucker , Sergey Levine

Recent advances of locomotion controllers utilizing deep reinforcement learning (RL) have yielded impressive results in terms of achieving rapid and robust locomotion across challenging terrain, such as rugged rocks, non-rigid ground, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Zifan Xu , Amir Hossain Raj , Xuesu Xiao , Peter Stone

Legged robots are popular candidates for missions in challenging terrains due to the wide variety of locomotion strategies they can employ. Terrain classification is a key enabling technology for autonomous legged robots, as it allows the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Ahmadreza Ahmadi , Tønnes Nygaard , Navinda Kottege , David Howard , Nicolas Hudson

Dynamic quadruped locomotion over challenging terrains with precise foot placements is a hard problem for both optimal control methods and Reinforcement Learning (RL). Non-linear solvers can produce coordinated constraint satisfying…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Philemon Brakel , Steven Bohez , Leonard Hasenclever , Nicolas Heess , Konstantinos Bousmalis

Legged navigation is typically examined within open-world, off-road, and challenging environments. In these scenarios, estimating external disturbances requires a complex synthesis of multi-modal information. This underlines a major…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Junli Ren , Yikai Liu , Yingru Dai , Junfeng Long , Guijin Wang

Robot navigation traditionally relies on building an explicit map that is used to plan collision-free trajectories to a desired target. In deformable, complex terrain, using geometric-based approaches can fail to find a path due to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Adam Polevoy , Craig Knuth , Katie M. Popek , Kapil D. Katyal

Jumping constitutes an essential component of quadruped robots' locomotion capabilities, which includes dynamic take-off and adaptive landing. Existing quadrupedal jumping studies mainly focused on the stance and flight phase by assuming a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Renjie Wang , Shangke Lyu , Xin Lang , Wei Xiao , Donglin Wang

In this paper, with a view toward fast deployment of locomotion gaits in low-cost hardware, we use a linear policy for realizing end-foot trajectories in the quadruped robot, Stoch $2$. In particular, the parameters of the end-foot…

Traditional one-step preview planning algorithms for bipedal locomotion struggle to generate viable gaits when walking across terrains with restricted footholds, such as stepping stones. To overcome such limitations, this paper introduces a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Zhaoyang Xiang , Victor Paredes , Guillermo A. Castillo , Ayonga Hereid

Precise trajectory tracking for legged robots can be challenging due to their high degrees of freedom, unmodeled nonlinear dynamics, or random disturbances from the environment. A commonly adopted solution to overcome these challenges is to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jing Cheng , Yasser G. Alqaham , Amit K. Sanyal , Zhenyu Gan

State-of-the-art reinforcement learning is now able to learn versatile locomotion, balancing and push-recovery capabilities for bipedal robots in simulation. Yet, the reality gap has mostly been overlooked and the simulated results hardly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Alexis Duburcq , Fabian Schramm , Guilhem Boéris , Nicolas Bredeche , Yann Chevaleyre

Vision-based locomotion has shown great promise in enabling legged robots to perceive and adapt to complex environments. However, visual information is inherently fragile, being vulnerable to occlusions, reflections, and lighting changes,…

Ground robots require the crucial capability of traversing unstructured and unprepared terrains and avoiding obstacles to complete tasks in real-world robotics applications such as disaster response. When a robot operates in off-road field…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Sriram Siva , Maggie Wigness , John G. Rogers , Long Quang , Hao Zhang

Humanoid robots are made to resemble humans but their locomotion abilities are far from ours in terms of agility and versatility. When humans walk on complex terrains, or face external disturbances, they combine a set of strategies,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mohammadreza Kasaei , Miguel Abreu , Nuno Lau , Artur Pereira , Luis Paulo Reis

Terrain traversability analysis is a fundamental issue to achieve the autonomy of a robot at off-road environments. Geometry-based and appearance-based methods have been studied in decades, while behavior-based methods exploiting learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Zeyu Zhu , Nan Li , Ruoyu Sun , Huijing Zhao , Donghao Xu

Learning controllers that reproduce legged locomotion in nature has been a long-time goal in robotics and computer graphics. While yielding promising results, recent approaches are not yet flexible enough to be applicable to legged systems…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Daniel Ordonez-Apraez , Antonio Agudo , Francesc Moreno-Noguer , Mario Martin

This paper presents a novel approach for representing proprioceptive time-series data from quadruped robots as structured two-dimensional images, enabling the use of convolutional neural networks for learning locomotion-related tasks. The…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great potential in enabling quadruped robots to perform agile locomotion. However, directly training policies to simultaneously handle dual extreme challenges, i.e., extreme underactuation and extreme…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ziang Zheng , Guojian Zhan , Shiqi Liu , Yao Lyu , Tao Zhang , Shengbo Eben Li

To traverse complex three-dimensional terrainwith large obstacles, animals and robots must transition across different modes. However, the most mechanistic understanding of terrestrial locomotion concerns how to generate and stabilize…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Ratan Othayoth , Qihan Xuan , Yaqing Wang , Chen Li

Understanding terrain topology at long-range is crucial for the success of off-road robotic missions, especially when navigating at high-speeds. LiDAR sensors, which are currently heavily relied upon for geometric mapping, provide sparse…