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Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into legal applications, including judicial decision support, legal practice assistance, and public-facing legal services. While LLMs show strong potential in handling legal…

Sentiment analysis (SA) has been a long-standing research area in natural language processing. It can offer rich insights into human sentiments and opinions and has thus seen considerable interest from both academia and industry. With the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Wenxuan Zhang , Yue Deng , Bing Liu , Sinno Jialin Pan , Lidong Bing

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software engineering has revealed critical limitations in existing benchmarks, particularly the widely used SWE-bench dataset. Recent studies have uncovered severe data contamination…

Evaluation of large language models for code has primarily relied on static benchmarks, including HumanEval (Chen et al., 2021), or more recently using human preferences of LLM responses. As LLMs are increasingly used as programmer…

The advances made by Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the pursuit of LLM agents that can solve intricate, multi-step reasoning tasks. As with any research pursuit, benchmarking and evaluation are key corner stones to efficient and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Luca Gioacchini , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Kiril Gashteovski , David Friede , Roberto Bifulco , Carolin Lawrence

Vehicle API testing verifies whether the interactions between a vehicle's internal systems and external applications meet expectations, ensuring that users can access and control various vehicle functions and data. However, this task is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Shuai Wang , Yinan Yu , Robert Feldt , Dhasarathy Parthasarathy

This paper provides a survey of the emerging area of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Software Engineering (SE). It also sets out open research challenges for the application of LLMs to technical problems faced by software engineers. LLMs'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Angela Fan , Beliz Gokkaya , Mark Harman , Mitya Lyubarskiy , Shubho Sengupta , Shin Yoo , Jie M. Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen an impressive wave of advances recently, with models now excelling in a variety of tasks, such as mathematical reasoning and program synthesis. However, their potential to effectively use tools via API…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Shishir G. Patil , Tianjun Zhang , Xin Wang , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Route-planning agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for supporting everyday human mobility through natural language interaction and tool-mediated decision making. However, systematic evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhiheng Song , Jingshuai Zhang , Chuan Qin , Chao Wang , Chao Chen , Longfei Xu , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu , Hengshu Zhu

Modern web services rely heavily on REST APIs, typically documented using the OpenAPI specification. The widespread adoption of this standard has resulted in the development of many black-box testing tools that generate tests based on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Myeongsoo Kim , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown astounding capabilities of code understanding and synthesis. In order to assess such capabilities, several benchmarks have been devised (e.g., HumanEval). However, most benchmarks focus on code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Julian Aron Prenner , Romain Robbes

The widespread adoption of REST APIs, coupled with their growing complexity and size, has led to the need for automated REST API testing tools. Current tools focus on the structured data in REST API specifications but often neglect valuable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Myeongsoo Kim , Tyler Stennett , Dhruv Shah , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

As the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) expands, the demand for reliable evaluations increases. Existing LLM evaluation benchmarks primarily rely on static datasets, making it challenging to assess model performance in dynamic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Qingchen Yu , Shichao Song , Ke Fang , Yunfeng Shi , Zifan Zheng , Hanyu Wang , Simin Niu , Zhiyu Li

Background: The use of large language models (LLMs) in the title-abstract screening process of systematic reviews (SRs) has shown promising results, but suffers from limited performance evaluation. Aims: Create a benchmark dataset to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Aleksi Huotala , Miikka Kuutila , Mika Mäntylä

The increasing complexity of software systems has driven significant advancements in program analysis, as traditional methods unable to meet the demands of modern software development. To address these limitations, deep learning techniques,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jiayimei Wang , Tao Ni , Wei-Bin Lee , Qingchuan Zhao

LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

As the use of large language model (LLM) agents continues to grow, their safety vulnerabilities have become increasingly evident. Extensive benchmarks evaluate various aspects of LLM safety by defining the safety relying heavily on general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yeonjun In , Wonjoong Kim , Kanghoon Yoon , Sungchul Kim , Mehrab Tanjim , Sangwu Park , Kibum Kim , Chanyoung Park

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various domains, including software development, education, and technical assistance. Among these, software development is one of the key areas where LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Inpyo Song , Eunji Jeon , Jangwon Lee

We propose OutboundEval, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) in expert-level intelligent outbound calling scenarios. Unlike existing methods that suffer from three key limitations - insufficient dataset…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Pengyu Xu , Shijia Li , Ao Sun , Feng Zhang , Yahan Li , Bo Wu , Zhanyu Ma , Jiguo Li , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Rui Wang , Yang Liu , Xiaobo Hu , Fan Yang , Jia Zheng , Guanghua Yao

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP tasks, they still need external tools to extend their ability. Current research on tool learning with LLMs often assumes mandatory tool use, which does not always align with real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kangyun Ning , Yisong Su , Xueqiang Lv , Yuanzhe Zhang , Jian Liu , Kang Liu , Jinan Xu