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The rapidly growing number and variety of Large Language Models (LLMs) present significant challenges in efficiently selecting the appropriate LLM for a given query, especially considering the trade-offs between performance and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Tao Feng , Yanzhen Shen , Jiaxuan You

Model routing is a simple technique for reducing the inference cost of large language models (LLMs), wherein one maintains a pool of candidate LLMs, and learns to route each prompt to the smallest feasible LLM. Existing works focus on…

In language tasks that require extensive human--model interaction, deploying a single "best" model for every query can be expensive. To reduce inference cost while preserving the quality of the responses, a large language model (LLM) router…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yichi Zhang , Fangzheng Xie , Shu Yang , Chong Wu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on knowledge-intensive tasks. However, varying response quality across LLMs under RAG necessitates intelligent routing mechanisms,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jiarui Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

This paper focuses on extending the success of large language models (LLMs) to sequential decision making. Existing efforts either (i) re-train or finetune LLMs for decision making, or (ii) design prompts for pretrained LLMs. The former…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Dingyang Chen , Qi Zhang , Yinglun Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) deliver superior performance but require substantial computational resources and operate with relatively low efficiency, while smaller models can efficiently handle simpler tasks with fewer resources. LLM…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Kai Mei , Wujiang Xu , Minghao Guo , Shuhang Lin , Yongfeng Zhang

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into education offers significant potential to enhance accessibility and engagement, yet their high computational demands limit usability in low-resource settings, exacerbating educational…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Juan Segundo Hevia , Facundo Arredondo , Vishesh Kumar

Recent progress in Language Models (LMs) has dramatically advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), excelling at tasks like text generation, summarization, and question answering. However, their inference remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Adarsh Prasad Behera , Jaya Prakash Champati , Roberto Morabito , Sasu Tarkoma , James Gross

Large Language Models (LLMs) process every token through all layers of a transformer stack, causing wasted computation on simple queries and insufficient flexibility for harder ones that need deeper reasoning. Adaptive-depth methods can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ahmed Heakl , Martin Gubri , Salman Khan , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet aligning them efficiently and effectively with human expectations remains a critical challenge. This thesis advances LLM alignment by introducing novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuxin Jiang

The ability to accurately interpret complex visual information is a crucial topic of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Recent work indicates that enhanced visual perception significantly reduces hallucinations and improves…

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit complementary strengths. Model routing harnesses these strengths by dynamically directing each query to the most suitable model, given a candidate model pool. However, routing performance relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenxu Wang , Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Linyao Chen , Jianhao Chen , Ping Jian , Peng Ye , Qiaosheng Zhang , Shuyue Hu

The rising demand for Large Language Model (LLM) inference services has intensified pressure on computational resources, resulting in latency and cost challenges. This paper introduces a novel routing algorithm based on the Non-dominated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Shibo Yu , Mohammad Goudarzi , Adel Nadjaran Toosi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of AI, driving progress across diverse domains such as content creation, search and recommendation systems, and AI-assisted workflows. To alleviate extreme training costs and advancing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hanfei Yu , Bei Ouyang , Shwai He , Ang Li , Hao Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) workloads have distinct prefill and decode phases with different compute and memory requirements which should ideally be accounted for when scheduling input queries across different LLM instances in a cluster.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kunal Jain , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Esha Choukse , Xiaoting Qin , Jue Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains, numerous new LLMs have emerged, each possessing domain-specific expertise. This proliferation has highlighted the need for quick, high-quality, and cost-effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Dimitris Stripelis , Zijian Hu , Jipeng Zhang , Zhaozhuo Xu , Alay Dilipbhai Shah , Han Jin , Yuhang Yao , Salman Avestimehr , Chaoyang He

As large language models (LLMs) proliferate in scale, specialization, and latency profiles, the challenge of routing user prompts to the most appropriate model has become increasingly critical for balancing performance and cost. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Amine Barrak , Yosr Fourati , Michael Olchawa , Emna Ksontini , Khalil Zoghlami

Model routing allocates queries to the suitable model, improving system performance while reducing costs. However, existing routing methods face practical limitations that hinder scalability in large-scale applications and struggle to keep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhou Chen , Zhiqiang Wei , Yuqi Bai , Xue Xiong , Jianmin Wu

Inference with modern Large Language Models (LLMs) is expensive and time-consuming, and speculative sampling has proven to be an effective solution. Most speculative sampling methods such as EAGLE use a static draft tree, implicitly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yuhui Li , Fangyun Wei , Chao Zhang , Hongyang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet their deployment remains challenging due to substantial computational costs, memory requirements, and energy consumption. Recent empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kaito Tanaka , Masato Ito , Yuji Nishimura , Keisuke Matsuda , Aya Nakayama