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The increasing use of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in various applications necessitates stringent protocols to ensure RAG systems accuracy, safety, and alignment with user intentions. In this paper, we introduce VERA…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Tianyu Ding , Adi Banerjee , Laurent Mombaerts , Yunhong Li , Tarik Borogovac , Juan Pablo De la Cruz Weinstein

Verification using SystemVerilog assertions (SVA) is one of the most popular methods for detecting circuit design vulnerabilities. However, with the globalization of integrated circuit design and the continuous upgrading of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Rui Guo , Avinash Ayalasomayajula , Henian Li , Jingbo Zhou , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi

Large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved notable success in code-generation benchmarks such as HumanEval and LiveCodeBench. However, a detailed examination reveals that these evaluation suites often comprise only a limited number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Ma , Taolin Zhang , Maosong Cao , Junnan Liu , Wenwei Zhang , Minnan Luo , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Automating Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation using Large Language Models (LLMs) offers substantial promise for streamlining digital circuit design and reducing human effort. However, current LLM-based approaches face significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yiting Wang , Guoheng Sun , Wanghao Ye , Gang Qu , Ang Li

Large language models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a promising approach for automating Verilog code generation; however, existing methods primarily emphasize syntactic correctness and often rely on commercial models or external…

The increasing popularity of large language models (LLMs) has paved the way for their application in diverse domains. This paper proposes a benchmarking framework tailored specifically for evaluating LLM performance in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Mingjie Liu , Nathaniel Pinckney , Brucek Khailany , Haoxing Ren

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in hardware design automation, particularly in using natural language to synthesize Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code. Despite this progress, a gap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jiahe Shi , Zhengqi Gao , Ching-Yun Ko , Duane Boning

This paper presents an event-chain-driven, LLM-empowered workflow for generating validated, automotive code from natural-language requirements. A Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) layer retrieves relevant signals from large and evolving…

High-level synthesis (HLS) transforms an algorithmic description of hardware from a higher abstraction (e.g., C/C++) into a register-transfer level (RTL) design, offering reduced development time and greater flexibility in design space…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiaofeng Zhou , Linfeng Du , Guangyu Hu , Sharad Sinha , Hongce Zhang , Wei Zhang

Formal verification can provably guarantee the correctness of critical system software, but the high proof burden has long hindered its wide adoption. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown success in code analysis and synthesis.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jianan Yao , Ziqiao Zhou , Weiteng Chen , Weidong Cui

Modern SoC design relies on the ability to separately verify IP blocks relative to their own specifications. Formal verification (FV) using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) is an effective method to exhaustively verify blocks at unit-level.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Marcelo Orenes-Vera , Aninda Manocha , David Wentzlaff , Margaret Martonosi

As large language models (LLMs) continue to be integrated into modern technology, there has been an increased push towards code generation applications, which also naturally extends to hardware design automation. LLM-based solutions for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zahin Ibnat , Paul E. Calzada , Rasin Mohammed Ihtemam , Sujan Kumar Saha , Jingbo Zhou , Farimah Farahmandi , Mark Tehranipoor

Hardware design verification (DV) is a process that checks the functional equivalence of a hardware design against its specifications, improving hardware reliability and robustness. A key task in the DV process is the test stimuli…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zixi Zhang , Balint Szekely , Pedro Gimenes , Greg Chadwick , Hugo McNally , Jianyi Cheng , Robert Mullins , Yiren Zhao

LLMs have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in automatic RTL code generation, achieving high syntactic and functional correctness. However, most methods focus on functional correctness while overlooking critical physical design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yaoxiang Wang , Qi Shi , ShangZhan Li , Qingguo Hu , Xinyu Yin , Bo Guo , Xu Han , Maosong Sun , Jinsong Su

In the rapidly evolving field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA), the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Register-Transfer Level (RTL) design has emerged as a promising direction. However, silicon-grade correctness remains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jiale Liu , Taiyu Zhou , Tianqi Jiang

As the complexity of software systems continues to increase, the demand for automated testing and maintenance tools is growing exponentially. To meet this urgent need, we propose a new assertion generation method based on Hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yi Zhong , Hongchao Liu , Di ZHao

Despite limited success in large language model (LLM)-based register-transfer-level (RTL) code generation, the root causes of errors remain poorly understood. To address this, we conduct a comprehensive error analysis, finding that most…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiazheng Zhang , Cheng Liu , Long Cheng , Xiaowei Li , Huawei Li

Recently, there has been a surging interest in using large language models (LLMs) for Verilog code generation. However, the existing approaches are limited in terms of the quality of the generated Verilog code. To address such limitations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Bardia Nadimi , Hao Zheng

Assuring the safety and trustworthiness of autonomous systems is particularly difficult when learning-enabled components and open environments are involved. Formal methods provide strong guarantees but depend on complete models and static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Angelo Ferrando

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved strong performance in software code generation. However, applying them to hardware description languages (HDLs), such as Verilog, remains challenging because high-quality training data are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yan Tan , Tong Liu , Xiangchen Meng , Yangdi Lyu