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This paper develops fundamental limits of deep neural network learning by characterizing what is possible if no constraints are imposed on the learning algorithm and on the amount of training data. Concretely, we consider Kolmogorov-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Dennis Elbrächter , Dmytro Perekrestenko , Philipp Grohs , Helmut Bölcskei

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we show that a certain concatenation of a proximity operator with an affine operator is again a proximity operator on a suitable Hilbert space. Second, we use our findings to establish so-called…

We consider solving a probably infinite dimensional operator equation, where the operator is not modeled by physical laws but is specified indirectly via training pairs of the input-output relation of the operator. Neural operators have…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Otmar Scherzer , Thi Lan Nhi Vu , Jikai Yan

We present a new neural network to approximate convex functions. This network has the particularity to approximate the function with cuts and can be easily adapted to partial convexity. We give an universal approximation theorem in the full…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-27 Xavier Warin

In this paper, we provide two algorithms based on the theory of multidimensional neural network (NN) operators activated by hyperbolic tangent sigmoidal functions. Theoretical results are recalled to justify the performance of the here…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Danilo Costarelli , Michele Piconi

The approximation of complex-valued functions is of fundamental importance as it generalizes classical approximation theory to the complex domain, providing a rigorous framework for amplitude and phase-dependent phenomena. In this paper, we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-05 Priyanka Majethiya , Shivam Bajpeyi

The universal approximation theorem states that a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate continuous functions on compact sets with any desired precision. This theorem supports using neural networks for various applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Marcos Eduardo Valle , Wington L. Vital , Guilherme Vieira

Operator learning has been highly successful for continuous mappings between infinite-dimensional spaces, such as PDE solution operators. However, many operators of interest-including differential operators-are discontinuous or set-valued,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Takashi Furuya , Yury Korolev , Takaharu Yaguchi

In this paper, we investigate Durrmeyer-type generalizations of maximum-minimum neural network operators. The primary objective of this study is to establish the convergence of these operators in the $L^{p}$ norm for functions $f\in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Berke Şahin , İsmail Aslan

Our main aim is to investigate the approximation properties for the summation integral type operators in a statistical sense. In this regard, we prove the statistical convergence theorem using well known Korovkin theorem and the degree of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Rishikesh Yadav , Ramakanta Meher , Vishnu Narayan Mishra

In this work, we study the Kantorovich variant of max-min neural network operators, in which the operator kernel is defined in terms of sigmoidal functions. Our main aim is to demonstrate the $L^{p}$-convergence of these nonlinear operators…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-08 İsmail Aslan , Stefano De Marchi , Wolfgang Erb

In this work, we introduce a new class of neural network operators designed to handle problems where memory effects and randomness play a central role. In this work, we introduce a new class of neural network operators designed to handle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Rômulo Damasclin Chaves dos Santos , Jorge Henrique de Oliveira Sales

The purpose of this article is to give a Chlodowsky type generalization of Szasz operators defined by means of the Sheffer type polynomials. We obtain convergence properties of our operators with the help of Korovkin's theorem and the order…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2016-01-06 M. Mursaleen , Khursheed J. Ansari

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are widely regarded as a biologically-inspired and energy-efficient alternative to classical artificial neural networks. Yet, their theoretical foundations remain only partially understood. In this work, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Umberto Biccari

The celebrated universal approximation theorems for neural networks roughly state that any reasonable function can be arbitrarily well-approximated by a network whose parameters are appropriately chosen real numbers. This paper examines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 C. Sinan Güntürk , Weilin Li

We propose a simple methodology to approximate functions with given asymptotic behavior by specifically constructed terms and an unconstrained deep neural network (DNN). The methodology we describe extends to various asymptotic behaviors…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-08 Hardik Routray , Bernhard Hientzsch

In this paper, we introduce a Kantorovich type generalization of q-Bernstein-Stancu operators. We study the convergence of the introduced operators and also obtain the rate of convergence by these operators in terms of the modulus of…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2015-05-27 M. Mursaleen , Khursheed J. Ansari , Asif Khan

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) are an analog of classical neural networks in the world of quantum computing, which are represented by a unitary matrix with trainable parameters. Inspired by the universal approximation property of classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker , Viet Khoa Tran

Neural networks (NNs) are known for their high predictive accuracy in complex learning problems. Beside practical advantages, NNs also indicate favourable theoretical properties such as universal approximation (UA) theorems. Binarized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Mikail Yayla , Mario Günzel , Burim Ramosaj , Jian-Jia Chen

Neural networks hold great potential to act as approximate models of nonlinear dynamical systems, with the resulting neural approximations enabling verification and control of such systems. However, in safety-critical contexts, the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Frederik Baymler Mathiesen , Nikolaus Vertovec , Francesco Fabiano , Luca Laurenti , Alessandro Abate