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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown their impressive capabilities, while also raising concerns about the data contamination problems due to privacy issues and leakage of benchmark datasets in the pre-training phase. Therefore, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhenhua Liu , Tong Zhu , Chuanyuan Tan , Haonan Lu , Bing Liu , Wenliang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) embed sensitive, human-generated data, prompting the need for unlearning methods. Although certified unlearning offers strong privacy guarantees, its restrictive assumptions make it unsuitable for LLMs, giving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Rongzhe Wei , Mufei Li , Mohsen Ghassemi , Eleonora Kreačić , Yifan Li , Xiang Yue , Bo Li , Vamsi K. Potluru , Pan Li , Eli Chien

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show remarkable capabilities, their safety alignments are susceptible to jailbreak attacks. Existing attack methods typically focus on text-image interplay, treating the visual modality as a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuan Xiong , Ziqi Miao , Lijun Li , Chen Qian , Jie Li , Jing Shao

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a sample was part of a model's training set, posing serious privacy risks for modern machine-learning systems. Existing MIAs primarily rely on static indicators, such as loss or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Amit Kravchik Taub , Fred M. Grabovski , Guy Amit , Yisroel Mirsky

Contextual priming, where earlier stimuli covertly bias later judgments, offers an unexplored attack surface for large language models (LLMs). We uncover a contextual priming vulnerability in which the previous response in the dialogue can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Ziqi Miao , Lijun Li , Yuan Xiong , Zhenhua Liu , Pengyu Zhu , Jing Shao

We quantitatively investigate how machine learning models leak information about the individual data records on which they were trained. We focus on the basic membership inference attack: given a data record and black-box access to a model,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-04 Reza Shokri , Marco Stronati , Congzheng Song , Vitaly Shmatikov

The increasing prominence of deep learning applications and reliance on personalized data underscore the urgent need to address privacy vulnerabilities, particularly Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs). Despite numerous MIA studies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Chenxi Li , Abhinav Kumar , Zhen Guo , Jie Hou , Reza Tourani

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging solution to the data scarcity problem for training deep learning models in hardware assurance. While FL is designed to enhance privacy by not sharing raw data, it remains vulnerable to Membership…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gijung Lee , Wavid Bowman , Olivia P. Dizon-Paradis , Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis , Ronald Wilson , Damon L. Woodard , Domenic Forte

In the age of agentic AI, the growing deployment of multi-modal models (MMs) has introduced new attack vectors that can leak sensitive training data in MMs, causing privacy leakage. This paper investigates a black-box privacy attack, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 David Amebley , Sayanton Dibbo

In membership inference attacks (MIAs), an adversary observes the predictions of a model to determine whether a sample is part of the model's training data. Existing MIA defenses conceal the presence of a target sample through strong…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Ismat Jarin , Birhanu Eshete

Recent works have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) have a tendency to memorize patterns and biases present in their training data, raising important questions about how such memorized content influences model behavior. One such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shanshan Xu , T. Y. S. S Santosh , Yanai Elazar , Quirin Vogel , Barbara Plank , Matthias Grabmair

Unlike traditional static deep neural networks (DNNs), dynamic neural networks (NNs) adjust their structures or parameters to different inputs to guarantee accuracy and computational efficiency. Meanwhile, it has been an emerging research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Pan Li , Peizhuo Lv , Shenchen Zhu , Ruigang Liang , Kai Chen

Federated Large Language Models (FedLLMs) enable multiple parties to collaboratively fine-tune LLMs without sharing raw data, addressing challenges of limited resources and privacy concerns. Despite data localization, shared gradients can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Guilin Deng , Silong Chen , Yuchuan Luo , Yi Liu , Songlei Wang , Zhiping Cai , Lin Liu , Xiaohua Jia , Shaojing Fu

Membership inference attacks aim to infer whether a data record has been used to train a target model by observing its predictions. In sensitive domains such as healthcare, this can constitute a severe privacy violation. In this work we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Tomas Chobola , Dmitrii Usynin , Georgios Kaissis

Prompting Large Language Models (LLMs), or providing context on the expected model of operation, is an effective way to steer the outputs of such models to satisfy human desiderata after they have been trained. But in rapidly evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Younwoo Choi , Muhammad Adil Asif , Ziwen Han , John Willes , Rahul G. Krishnan

The primary promise of decentralized learning is to allow users to engage in the training of machine learning models in a collaborative manner while keeping their data on their premises and without relying on any central entity. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ousmane Touat , Jezekael Brunon , Yacine Belal , Julien Nicolas , César Sabater , Mohamed Maouche , Sonia Ben Mokhtar

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm leveraging LLMs for specific downstream tasks by utilizing labeled examples as demonstrations (demos) in the preconditioned prompts. Despite its promising performance, crafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Prashant Khanduri , Dongxiao Zhu

Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) pose a critical privacy threat by enabling adversaries to determine whether a specific sample was included in a model's training dataset. Despite extensive research on MIAs, systematic comparisons between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Owais Makroo , Siva Rajesh Kasa , Sumegh Roychowdhury , Karan Gupta , Nikhil Pattisapu , Santhosh Kasa , Sumit Negi

All prior membership inference attacks for fine-tuned language models use hand-crafted heuristics (e.g., loss thresholding, Min-K\%, reference calibration), each bounded by the designer's intuition. We introduce the first transferable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 David Ilić , Kostadin Cvejoski , David Stanojević , Evgeny Grigorenko

This work investigates the ability of open Large Language Models (LLMs) to predict citation intent through in-context learning and fine-tuning. Unlike traditional approaches relying on domain-specific pre-trained models like SciBERT, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Paris Koloveas , Serafeim Chatzopoulos , Thanasis Vergoulis , Christos Tryfonopoulos